Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay

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arcgis server resume Provides access to members that control the Display. The Display objects, those that implement IDisplay, are a set of objects which allow application developers to easily draw graphics on a variety of output devices. These objects allow you to render shapes stored in real-world coordinates to a screen, printer, or export file. The IDisplay interface abstracts a drawing surface. And Prejudice Essay. A drawing surface is simply any hardware device, export file, or memory bitmap that can be represented by a Windows Device Context. Each display manages its own DisplayTransformation object which handles the conversion of coordinates from real-world space to rock offshoot, device space and America, back. There are currently two Display objects: ScreenDisplay and SimpleDisplay. A Study Based On Gender And Time On Personal Essay. The ScreenDisplay object abstracts a normal application window and implements scrolling and backing store. The SimpleDisplay abstracts all other devices that can be rendered to using a Windows Device Context such as printers and metafiles.

Use the America, IDisplay interface to draw points, lines, polygons, rectangles, and text on a device. Draws specified multipoint on the display. Draws specified point on the display. Draws specified polygon on the display. Draws specified line on the display. Draws specified rectangle on the display. Draws specified text on the display. Payslip. The bounds of the invalid region. The invalid region as a set of envelopes.

User-specified clip shape. The transformation used by Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay the display. The device context that the display is currently drawing to. Illumination properties used by the display. Indicates if display object suppresses events. Call frequently during drawing process. User-specified clip shape. The transformation used by the display. Illumination properties used by the display. Indicates if display object suppresses events. Sets the symbol used for drawing.

Prepare the punk rock offshoot, display for drawing. Returns: A reference to a com.esri.arcgis.display.IDisplayTransformation Throws: IOException - If there are interop problems. AutomationException - If the ArcObject component throws an exception. Parameters: displayTransformation - A reference to a com.esri.arcgis.display.IDisplayTransformation (in) Throws: IOException - If there are interop problems. AutomationException - If the ArcObject component throws an exception. Returns: A reference to a com.esri.arcgis.geometry.IEnvelope Throws: IOException - If there are interop problems. AutomationException - If the ArcObject component throws an exception. Returns: A reference to a com.esri.arcgis.system.ISet Throws: IOException - If there are interop problems. AutomationException - If the ArcObject component throws an exception. America And Prejudice. Use the ClipGeometry property to shape the area data is drawn in. For example, if you had a map of the United States that contained many layers, you could set the rock offshoot, ClipGeometry property on the focus Map's ScreenDisplay object equal to the geometry of a particular state thereby telling the map to Afrocentric America and Prejudice, only draw the data falling within the poetry childhood, particular state's area.

The ClipGeometry is used to cookie-cut all data before it is drawn. See IMap::ClipGeometry for a more information and a sample. Afrocentric America And Prejudice Essay. Returns: A reference to and peripheral system, a com.esri.arcgis.geometry.IGeometry Throws: IOException - If there are interop problems. AutomationException - If the ArcObject component throws an exception. Afrocentric America. Parameters: geometry - A reference to a com.esri.arcgis.geometry.IGeometry (in) Throws: IOException - If there are interop problems. AutomationException - If the ArcObject component throws an exception. IDisplayEvents - DisplayStarted, DisplayFinished, DisplayScrolled, DisplayInvalidated ITransformEvents - BoundsUpdated, VisibleBoundsUpdated, DeviceFrameUpdated, ResolutionUpdated, UnitsUpdated. For example, IScreenDisplay::StartDrawing sets SuppressEvents to TRUE and FinishDrawing sets it back to FALSE, this prevents all transform events from firing during the drawing. Based On Gender And Time On Personal Essay. SuppressEvents is set to FALSE by default.

Returns: The suppressEvents Throws: IOException - If there are interop problems. AutomationException - If the ArcObject component throws an exception. America And Prejudice. Parameters: suppressEvents - The suppressEvents (in) Throws: IOException - If there are interop problems. AutomationException - If the ArcObject component throws an exception. Returns: A reference to a com.esri.arcgis.display.IDisplayFilter Throws: IOException - If there are interop problems. AutomationException - If the ArcObject component throws an exception.

Parameters: filter - A reference to a com.esri.arcgis.display.IDisplayFilter (in) Throws: IOException - If there are interop problems. AutomationException - If the ArcObject component throws an exception. Returns: The hPalette (A COM typedef) Throws: IOException - If there are interop problems. A Study On Gender And Time Spent Essay. AutomationException - If the ArcObject component throws an exception. Parameters: hPalette - The hPalette (A COM typedef) (in) Throws: IOException - If there are interop problems. Afrocentric. AutomationException - If the ArcObject component throws an exception. StartDrawing and FinishDrawing are used to manage clipping, symbols, and caching. Call StartDrawing and FinishDrawing anytime you want to A Study Based and Time Spent Essay, draw to a device such as a display, printer, or cache (bitmap). However, if you are drawing in Afrocentric America response to robert cormier, IActiveViewEvents::AfterDraw, the and Prejudice Essay, Map object automatically makes these calls for about childhood you.

StartDrawing has two parameters: hDc and cacheID. The hDc parameter specifies the target device where drawing will occur, usually a display, printer, or bitmap. The cacheID parameter activates a specific cache. Afrocentric America And Prejudice. In most cases, esriNoScreenCache should be used. Specifying a cache sets it as the screen's active cache. When esriNoScreenCache is used, it sets the display's active cache to zero and drawing occurs directly in the device.

Specify a cache when you don't want to draw to a screen directly and you instead want to draw to a cache (bitmap) that may ultimately be copied to the screen. For example, when ArcMap draws geography, it draws it to a specific cache and then the cache is and peripheral system copied to the screen. When the screen repaints, instead of drawing all the data from scratch again, the America and Prejudice Essay, software checks if the cache is nervous dirty or not and Afrocentric America Essay, simply redraws the bitmap to save time if it can. When drawing to a cache, the personnel payslip, hDc parameter should be the and Prejudice, device context of the cormier biography, bitmap, use the IScreenDisplay::CacheMemDC property to get a particular cache's hDC. Each time you need to change the cache you are drawing to, you must do so inside a new StartDrawing / FinishDrawing block. For example, ArcMap usually creates three caches: one for geography layers, one for graphics and annotation, and America, one for selections. Central And Peripheral Nervous. ArcMap draws each of these phases within a separate StartDrawing / FinishDrawing block. There are times when may need to draw shapes directly to screen without having them become part of a display cache. For example, drawing moving objects. In these cases, use IScreenDisplay::WindowDC to get the device context of the Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay, display and esriNoScreenCache as the cacheID. If a zero is specified for A Study Based on Gender and Time Spent Grooming Essay the hDc parameter, the Windows API function GetDC is used to populate IScreenDisplay::WindowDC with the hDC of the main display and drawing is America and Prejudice sent here.

Parameters: hDC - The hDC (A COM typedef) (in) cacheID - The cacheID (in) Throws: IOException - If there are interop problems. Rock. AutomationException - If the ArcObject component throws an exception. America Essay. See Also: IDisplay.finishDrawing() Returns the device context specified to StartDrawing. Types Of Fertilizers. This may be the device context of a display, cache (bitmap), or some other device such as a printer. As StartDrawing is called frequently throughout the drawing pipeline, the hDc property continually changes and is therefore safe to use only within a single StartDrawing / FinishDrawing block.

This property does not provide a value to pass to Afrocentric America, IDisplay::StartDrawing. Punk. Instead, call IDisplay::StartDrawing with a value of 0 for America Essay the hDC as this will automatically use the Windows API function GetDC to populate IScreenDisplay::WindowDC with the hDC of the main display and drawing will occur there. Returns: The hDC (A COM typedef) Throws: IOException - If there are interop problems. AutomationException - If the A Study on Personal Grooming Essay, ArcObject component throws an exception. Throws: IOException - If there are interop problems. AutomationException - If the ArcObject component throws an exception.

See Also: IDisplay.startDrawing(int, short) Parameters: vertexCount - The vertexCount (in) Throws: IOException - If there are interop problems. Afrocentric And Prejudice Essay. AutomationException - If the ArcObject component throws an exception. DrawPoint draws a Point object with the symbol that must be specified before hand with the SetSymbol method. Childhood. All draw methods must be enclosed between the calls to StartDrawing and America Essay, FinishDrawing unless you are drawing in response to the IActiveViewEvents::AfterDraw event .

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? PART I ESSAY Origin of types of fertilizers, Essay History of essay as a literature form has begun in 1580 when Michel de . Afrocentric America And Prejudice Essay. Montaigne has published the book “Les Essais”. Punk Offshoot. In French term “essais” means “try” or “experience”. It was a book written because of boredom; it did not have a distinct structure or plan, and consisted of individual chapters, formally unrelated to each other. Montaigne suggested his literary tests in America and Prejudice Essay form of initial essay , highlighting their subjective, relative, and inconclusive sides. Essay , Essays , Exposition 1691 Words | 5 Pages. Descriptive Essay About the Beach. Descriptive Essay ; My Perfect Place a television, a jewelry box, or a computer, etc. It wasnt real, but it was a great place to escape . to even if it was just in my mind. It gave me something to hope. Premium Descriptive Essay Describing a Place Patdreka Williams 7-14-12 English 110 Journal Entry A Place When I was a little girl I dreamed of the central system most extraordinary room in Afrocentric America Essay my mind. Being one of the.

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In persuasive writing, a writer takes a position FOR or AGAINST an and peripheral nervous, issue and writes to convince the reader to believe or do something. . Persuasive writing is Afrocentric, often used in poetry advertisements to get the reader to buy a product. And Prejudice. It is also used in essays and other types of writing to get the reader to poetry accept a point of view. In order to convince the reader you need more than opinion; you need facts or examples to back your opinion. So, be sure to do the research! Persuasive writing follows a particular. 2005 albums , Doctor of Philosophy , Essay 1013 Words | 4 Pages.

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English 1021 Diagnostic Essay Some people believe that writing an essay is extremely hard. They are wrong. Afrocentric. If you have the . correct information, time, and poetry about childhood, a cup of coffee you should have no problem. There are many different types of essays , for example, an informative essay , a research paper, or a persuasive essay . Although they all have a different overall theme and purpose for being written, they all have the same outline for how exactly to write it. No matter what you always start off with an. Abstraction , Question , Quotation 946 Words | 3 Pages. Final Persuasive Paper Imagine a country where a woman is depicted as only being used for sex and a as slave for their husband. Imagine a . country in which women are denied an education. Imagine a country where women are sent to jail, beaten, and left to America Essay die a long painful death for and peripheral system, disobeying an order.

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I was way too young to see them try to brainwash me and my friends. But my story . still holds true about central nervous system, McDonalds and the propaganda they’ve used for years to America Essay indoctrinate the future posterity of this world with one simple cardboard box; the “Happy Meal”. In 2002, the president of the Boston Red Sox, Larry Lucchino, called the New York Yankees “The Evil Empire”. Well, I’m here to tell you that he was flat wrong about that. The real. Big Mac , Big Mac Index , French fries 1520 Words | 4 Pages. 101 Persuasive Essay Topics By: Mr. Morton Whether you are a student in need of a persuasive essay . And Peripheral Nervous System. topic, or a teacher looking to assign a persuasive essay , this list of 101 persuasive essay topics should be a great resource.

I taxed my brain to create this huge list of persuasive essay topics relevant to today's society, but I believe I am happy with the results. I appreciate any and all comments or feedback. 1. 2. 3. 4. America And Prejudice Essay. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Poetry About Childhood. 23. 24. College , Education , Fast food 1228 Words | 4 Pages. acceptable in the workforce. This seems reasonable. However, it assumes there are uniform workplace expectations.

Work does not only take place in Essay offices . and factories. Some employers—some dotcom companies, for example—care less about how their employees dress and more about of fertilizers, their work. In addition, as technological advances continue, some traditionalcorporations encourage employees to America Essay work at home, with no dress codes required. There are also the people who run their own home businesses. The lack. Education , Employment , History of education 755 Words | 3 Pages. Does the freedom to own a firearm make you seem more secure? Or does the thought of your neighbors owning firearms make you feel less safe? Gun control is a . subject that has passionate supporters and detractors alike. In the following essay , I will give you some facts that support the poetry childhood Pro Second Amendment argument; in hopes to gain your support in efforts to prevent the government from Afrocentric and Prejudice, infringing on our constitutional rights.

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free. Crime , Criminology , Firearm 825 Words | 3 Pages. ?“Dover Beach ” is a deeply melancholic poem, with reference to “Kraken” and “Relic” Dover Beach is a deeply melancholic poem . Robert Biography. however Relic is also melancholic with a nihilistic approach; meanwhile Kraken refers to romantic sadness. All three poems relate to sadness and offer a different perspective of it. America Essay. Relic is a first person monologue as is Dover Beach that is ambitions personnel payslip, not specifically directed to anyone, Kraken even though it is a monologue it carries a disembodied voice which mirrors better. Bipolar disorder , Meaning of Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay, life , Melancholia 986 Words | 3 Pages. every day objects we have now. This computer that I am typing on would not exist, making me have to hand write all of my thoughts down on on Gender and Time Spent on Personal Grooming Essay, paper. America And Prejudice. Knowledge . also helps people to gain confidence. Types Of Fertilizers. Being able to tell people about interesting information helps one feel good about one’s self. America Essay. Going college would enhance this because college is just that—the opportunity to gain knowledge.

In life, money can create a lot of turmoil. I believe that many marriages end up in cormier biography divorce because of money issues. Academic degree , Debt , Educational attainment in the United States 1161 Words | 5 Pages. convicted of Essay, murder or rape instead. Types. So, rather than seeing if perfume irritates a bunny rabbit's eyes, they should throw it in Charles Manson's eyes and ask . America And Prejudice Essay. him if it hurts.” ? Ellen DeGeneres, My Point. And I Do Have One. None have ever thought about when he or she buy a cosmetic product that they are contributing to the agonizing procedures animals have to endure to cormier biography bring the finished product to their use. Each year in the United States an estimated 20-70 million animals, from cats, dogs and.

Animal rights , Animal testing , Mammal 889 Words | 3 Pages. that more than half of parents participate in parent teacher conferences. Among 8th graders the percentage drops to fifty-seven. The principle Eddie Guesharu . at Epps Elementary and High School states that even in small towns the Afrocentric and Prejudice Essay ratios are true. Poetry Childhood. Only about one fourth of the parents even try to car.

In his High School he only gets maybe five phone call or visits from parents. Which means that three fourth he never speaks or hears from. Essay. When asked why so low. “The parents do not care or it is a single. College , Education , Extracurricular activity 1187 Words | 3 Pages. for one minute about not having one of them in my life because of a selfish act of my mother sickens me. I thank God every day that she is as . passionate am I on the subject. Each one has brought an nervous system, important piece to my life, from the silly times to the more serious, and the seemingly crazy stuff. Yes we have had our share of ups and downs, but nothing I wish I did not have to have. And Prejudice Essay. I feel there are many aspects to the many different reasons for of fertilizers, the thought of abortion. I think about the stories from.

Abortion , Anne Reid , English-language films 1313 Words | 4 Pages. automatic sequestration calls for $1.2 trillion in Afrocentric America lowered federal spending, with 50% coming from defense and 50% coming from non-defense budgets. If . Congress cannot reach an agreement, these cuts will reduce the Department of Defense spending by about $55 billion dollars. On September 11, 2001, the United States faced a difficult time in which 3,000 lives were lost due to an attack upon the U.S. by terrorists who hijacked airplanes and crashed them into the Twin Towers in New York City, the Pentagon. Army , Military , Military budget of the United States 1375 Words | 4 Pages.

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Mailing out poetry some resumes? Make opening yours up a memorable experience, like Amber Van Mieghem has done with this clever folding resume. Afrocentric America And Prejudice Essay. Wishing you could infuse a little creativity into your plain, corporate resume? Try a monogram with your initials, like Bill Mawhinney has done for this resume template. It adds a little style while still keeping the overall presentation very businesslike. You can use the same graphic on your cover letter to give your application a polished, pulled-together look. If you have some creative leeway in creating your resume, using a non-rectangular shape will be sure to attract attention, like John Mujica’s round resume does here. If you do format your resume in any unusual shape, just make sure all the text is system, readable. You’ve only got one name.

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contextual essay art Literary Terms and Definitions: C. This page is under perpetual construction! It was last upda ted January 5, 2017. CACOPHONY (Greek, bad sound): The term in Afrocentric, poetry refers to the use of words that combine sharp, harsh, hissing, or unmelodious sounds. It is the opposite of euphony . CADEL (Dutch cadel and/or French cadeau , meaning a gift; a little something extra): A small addition or extra item added to an initial letter.

Common cadels include pen-drawn faces or grotesques. Examples include the central nervous faces appearing in the initial letters of the Lansdowne 851 manuscript of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales . CADENCE : The melodic pattern just before the end of a sentence or phrase--for instance an Afrocentric Essay, interrogation or an exhortation. Robert Cormier Biography. More generally, the natural rhythm of Essay, language depending on the position of system, stressed and unstressed syllables. Cadence is a major component of individual writers' styles. A cadence group is Essay, a coherent group of A Study Based on Gender and Time Spent Grooming, words spoken as a single rhythmical unit, such as a prepositional phrase, of parting day or a noun phrase, our inalienable rights. CADENCE GROUP : See discussion under cadence . CAESURA (plural: caesurae ): A pause separating phrases within lines of poetry--an important part of poetic rhythm . The term caesura comes from the Latin a cutting or a slicing. Some editors will indicate a caesura by and Prejudice Essay inserting a slash (/) in the middle of offshoot, a poetic line. Afrocentric And Prejudice. Others insert extra space in this location. Others do not indicate the caesura typographically at all. CALQUE : An expression formed by individually translating parts of a longer foreign expression and then combining them in a way that may or may not make literal sense in the new language.

Algeo provides the example of the and peripheral English phrase trial balloon , which is America and Prejudice Essay, a calque for the French ballon d'essai (Algeo 323). CALLIGRAPHIC WORK : In medieval manuscripts, this is (as Kathleen Scott states), Decorative work, usually developing from or used to make up an important or introductory initial, or developing from ascenders at the top of the page and descenders at the bottom of the justified text; a series of strokes made by holding a quill constant at one angle to produce broader and narrower lines, which in combination appear to overlap one another to form strap-work (Scott 370). CANCEL : A bibliographical term referring to a leaf which is substituted for one removed by the printers because of an error. For instance, the first quarto of Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida has a title page existing in both cancelled and personnel uncancelled states, leaving modern readers in some doubt as to whether the play should be considered a comedy, history, or tragedy. CANON (from Grk kanon , meaning reed or measuring rod): Canon has three general meanings. (1) An approved or traditional collection of works. Originally, the term canon applied to the list of America and Prejudice Essay, books to of fertilizers, be included as authentic biblical doctrine in America, the Hebrew and and peripheral nervous system Christian Bible, as opposed to apocryphal works (works of dubious, mysterious or uncertain origin).

Click here for Afrocentric and Prejudice Essay more information. (2) Today, literature students typically use the word canon to poetry, refer to those works in America and Prejudice Essay, anthologies that have come to personnel payslip, be considered standard or traditionally included in the classroom and Afrocentric America published textbooks. In this sense, the canon denotes the entire body of literature traditionally thought to be suitable for ambitions personnel payslip admiration and study. (3) In addition, the Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay word canon refers to the writings of an poetry about childhood, author that scholars generally accepted as genuine products of Afrocentric America Essay, said author, such as the Chaucer canon or the punk Shakespeare canon. Chaucer's canon includes The Canterbury Tales , for instance, but it does not include the apocryphal work, The Plowman's Tale, which has been mistakenly attributed to him in the past. Likewise, the Shakespearean canon has only two apocryphal plays ( Pericles and the Two Noble Kinsmen ) that have gained wide acceptance as authentic Shakespearean works beyond the thirty-six plays contained in the First Folio. NB : Do not confuse the spelling of cannon (the big gun) with canon (the official collection of literary works).

The issue of canonical literature is a thorny one. Traditionally, those works considered canonical are typically restricted to Afrocentric and Prejudice, dead white European male authors. Many modern critics and types of fertilizers teachers argue that women, minorities, and non-Western writers are left out of the literary canon unfairly. Additionally, the canon has always been determined in part by philosophical biases and and Prejudice Essay political considerations. Poetry. In response, some critics suggest we do away with a canon altogether, while others advocate enlarging or expanding the existing canon to achieve a more representative sampling. CANTICLE : A hymn or religious song using words from any part of the Bible except the Psalms. CANTO : A sub-division of an epic or narrative poem comparable to a chapter in a novel. Examples include the divisions in Dante's Divine Comedy , Lord Byron's Childe Harold , or Spenser's Faerie Queene . Cf. And Prejudice. fit . CANZONE : In general, the term has three meanings. (1) It refers generally to the words of a Provençal or Italian song. (2) More specifically, an Italian or Provençal song relating to love or the ambitions personnel payslip praise of beauty is a canzone. (3) Poems in Afrocentric America, English that bear some similarity to A Study on Gender Spent on Personal, Provençal lyrics are called canzones --such as Auden's unrhymed poem titled Canzone, which uses the end words of the first twelve-line stanza in Afrocentric and Prejudice Essay, each of the following stanzas.

CAPTIVITY NARRATIVE : A narrative, usually autobiographical in origin, concerning colonials or settlers who are captured by Amerindian or aboriginal tribes and live among them for rock offshoot some time before gaining freedom. An example would be Mary Rowlandson's A Narrative of the Captivity and Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay Restauration of about childhood, Mrs. Mary Rowlandson , which details her Indian captivity among the Wampanoag tribe in the late seventeenth century. Contrast with escape literature and slave narrative . CARDINAL VIRTUES (also called the Four Pagan Virtues ): In contrast to the three spiritual or Christian virtues of fides (faith), spes (hope), and caritas (love) espoused in the New Testament, the America and Prejudice four cardinal virtues consisted of prudence, temperance, fortitude, and justice. Theologians like Saint Augustine argued Christians alone monopolized faith in a true God, hope of a real afterlife, and ambitions personnel the ability to love human beings not for their own sake, but as a manifestation of God's creation.

However, these early theologians argued that pagans could still be virtuous in the cardinal virtues, the old values of the Roman Empire before the coming of Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay, Christianity. In Latin terminology, pagan Rome espoused the four cardinal virtues as follows: The Latin four-fold classification--later adopted by Saint Augustine and Saint Thomas Aquinas--originates in much older Greek philosophy. In The Republic , Plato uses similar virtues as a way to dissect the roles different citizens would play in an ideal state. Cf. pietas . Cf.

Seven Deadly Sins . CARET (Lat., it lacks): Also called a wedge , an of fertilizers, up-arrow , or a hat , this editorial mark looks much the Greek letter lambda or an arrowhead pointing upwards. Here is an example: ^ . Afrocentric Essay. An editor will write a caret underneath a line of text to of fertilizers, indicate that a word, letter, or punctuation mark needs insertion at the spot where the two lines converge. CARMEN : (Lat. And Prejudice. song or poem): The generic Latin term for a song or poem--especially a love-song or love-poem. Robert Biography. After Ovid was banished to Tomis by the Emperor in the year 8 AD, he wrote that his crime was carmen et error (a song and a mistake). This has led some scholars to wonder if his scandalous poem The Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love) may have invoked the wrath of Emperor Augustus whose Julian Marian laws sought to Afrocentric and Prejudice, curb adultery and illicit sexuality. CARPE DIEM : Literally, the phrase is Latin for seize the day, from carpere (to pluck, harvest, or grab) and the accusative form of die (day). Biography. The term refers to a common moral or theme in classical literature that the reader should make the most out of life and should enjoy it before it ends. Poetry or literature that illustrates this moral is often called poetry or literature of the carpe diem tradition.

Examples include Marvell's To His Coy Mistress, and Herrick's To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time. America Essay. Cf. Anacreontics , Roman Stoicism , Epicureanism , transitus mundi , and the ubi sunt motif. CASE : The inflectional form of a noun, pronoun, or (in some languages) adjective that shows how the word relates to the verb or to other nouns of the same clause. For instance, them is the objective case of they , and punk their is the Afrocentric and Prejudice possessive case of they . Common cases include the nominative, the childhood accusative, the and Prejudice genitive, the dative, the ablative, the vocative, and the instrumental forms. Patterns of particular endings added to words to indicate their case are called declensions . Robert. Click here for expanded information. CASTE DIALECT : A dialect spoken by specific hereditary classes in a society. Often the America Essay use of caste dialect marks the nervous speaker as part of that particular class. And Prejudice. For instance, a dalit or untouchable is the lowest caste in the Indian Hindu caste system while a brahmin is the highest caste. Although the payslip two groups may frequently share a common language, they each also have specialized vocabulary and speech mannerisms that to a native speaker may quickly advertise their social background. CATACHRESIS (Grk. misuse): A completely impossible figure of speech or an implied metaphor that results from combining other extreme figures of speech such as anthimeria , hyperbole , synaesthesia , and metonymy . The results in each case are so unique that it is hard to Afrocentric America Essay, state a general figure of poetry, speech that embodies all of the and Prejudice possible results.

It is far easier to give examples. For instance, Hamlet says of on Gender and Time Spent Grooming, Gertrude, I will speak daggers to her. A man can speak words, but no one can literally speak daggers. In spite of Afrocentric America and Prejudice, that impossibility, readers know Shakespeare means Hamlet will address Gertrude in a painful, contemptuous way. In pop music from the 1980s, the performer Meatloaf tells a disappointed lover, There ain't no Coup de Ville hiding the bottom of poetry, a crackerjack box. The image of a luxury car hidden as a prize in the bottom of Afrocentric America, a tiny cardboard candybox emphasizes how unlikely or impossible it is his hopeful lover will find such a fantastic treasure in robert cormier biography, someone as cheap, common, and unworthy as the speaker in these lyrics. Sometimes the catachresis results from stacking one impossibility on top of another. Consider these examples: There existed a void inside that void within his mind. Afrocentric America. Joe will have kittens when he hears this! I will sing victories for you.

A man that studies revenge keeps his own wounds green.--Bacon I do not ask much: / I beg cold comfort. --Shakespeare, ( King John 5.7.41) His complexion is perfect gallows--Shakespeare, ( Tempest 1.1.33) And that White Sustenance--Despair--Dickinson The Oriel Common Room stank of cormier, logic --Cardinal Newman O, I could lose all Father now--Ben Jonson, on the death of his seven-year old son. The voice of Afrocentric America and Prejudice, your eyes is deeper than all roses --e.e. cummings. For a more recent example, consider the robert disturbingly cheerful pop song by Foster the People, Pumped Up Kicks, which deals with a school shooting. Here, the shooter/narrator thinks, I've waited for a long time. Yeah, the sleight of my hand is now a quick-pull trigger. / I reason with my cigarette. One can reason with induction or deduction, but how does one reason with a cigarette?

Here, the catachresis might evoke the idea of the Afrocentric America and Prejudice cool kid using personal style instead of a persuasive argument, or it might evoke the robert biography imagery of torture--burning victims with a cigarette-butt to make one's point. Afrocentric America Essay. This sort of personnel, evocative, almost nonsensical language is the heart of good catachresis. Other examples, in The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien uses catachresis to describe Legolas's disgusted outburst at encountering an Orc by asserting, 'Yrch!' siad Legolas, falling into Afrocentric and Prejudice Essay, his own tongue.' One call fall into a pool of water or fall into a bed, but how does one fall into a language? As Milton so elegantly phrased it, catachresis is all about blind mouths. Such catachresis often results from hyperbole and A Study and Time Spent on Personal Grooming synaesthesia . A special subtype of catachresis is abusio , a mixed metaphor that results when two metaphors collide. And Prejudice. For instance, one U. And Peripheral System. S. senator learned of an unlikely political alliance. He is said to have exclaimed, Now that is a horse of a different feather. This abusio is the result of two metaphors. The first is the cliché metaphor comparing anything unusual to a horse of a different color. The second is the Afrocentric America Essay proverbial metaphor about how birds of a feather flock together.

However, by taking the two dead metaphors and combining them, the rock offshoot resulting image of a horse of a different feather truly emphasizes how bizarre and unlikely the resulting political alliance was. Intentionally or not, the senator created an ungainly, unnatural animal that reflects the ungainly, unnatural coalition he condemned. Purists of languages often scrowl at abusio with good reason. Too commonly abusio is the result of sloppy writing, such as the history student who wrote the dreadful hand of totalitarianism watches all that goes on America around it and growls at its enemies. (It would have been better to stick with a single metaphor and state the eye of totalitarianism watches all that goes on around it and glares at its enemies. We should leave out the mixed imagery of watchful hands growling at people; it's just stupid and inconsistent.) However, when used intentionally for poetry a subtle effect, abusio and America and Prejudice catachresis can be powerful tools for originality. CATALECTIC : In poetry, a catalectic line is a truncated line in which one or more unstressed syllables have been dropped, especially in the final metrical foot. For instance, acephalous or headless lines are catalectic, containing one fewer syllable than would be normal for the line. For instance, Babette Deutsche notes the second line in this couplet from A. E. Housman is catalectic: And if my ways are not as theirs, Let them mind their own affairs.

On the other hand, in trochaic verse, the final syllable tends to be the truncated one, as Deutsche notes about the cormier biography first two lines of Shelley's stanza: Music, when soft voices die, Vibrates in the memory-- Odours, when sweet violets sicken, Live within the senses they quicken. The term catalectic contrasts with an acatalectic line, which refers to a normal line of and Prejudice Essay, poetry containing the expected number of nervous, syllables in each line, or a hypercatalectic line, which has one or more extra syllables than would normally be expected. CATALEXIS : Truncation of a poetic line--i.e., in poetry, a catalectic line is shortened or truncated so that unstressed syllables drop from a line. The act of America and Prejudice, such truncation is called catalexis. If catalexis occurs at the start of a line, that line is said to be acephalous or headless. See catalectic . CATALOGING : Creating long lists for poetic or rhetorical effect. The technique is common in epic literature, where conventionally the poet would devise long lists of famous princes, aristocrats, warriors, and mythic heroes to be lined up in battle and slaughtered.

The technique is also common in the practice of giving illustrious genealogies (and so-and-so begat so-and-so, or x, son of y, son of z etc.) for famous individuals. An example in American literature is Whitman's multi-page catalog of American types in section 15 of Song of Myself. An excerpt appears below: The pure contralto sings in the organ loft, The carpenter dresses his plank, the tongue of his foreplane whistles its wild ascending lisp, The married and unmarried children ride home to Based on Gender and Time Spent on Personal Grooming, their Thanksgiving dinner, The pilot seizes the king-pin, he heaves down with a strong arm, The mate stands braced in the whale-boat, lance and harpoon are ready, The duck-shooter walks by silent and cautious stretches, The deacons are ordained with crossed hands at the altar,

The spinning-girl retreats and advances to Afrocentric America Essay, the hum of the big wheel, The farmer stops by the bars as he walks on poetry childhood a First-day loaf and looks at the oats and rye, The lunatic is Afrocentric America Essay, carried at last to the asylum a confirmed case. [etc.] One of the more humorous examples of cataloging appears in the Welsh Mabinogion . In one tale, Culhwch and Olwen, the protagonist invokes in ambitions personnel, an oath all the names of King Arthur's companion-warriors, giving lists of their unusual attributes or abilities running to Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay, six pages. CATASTROPHE : The turning downward of the plot in robert cormier biography, a classical tragedy. By tradition, the catastrophe occurs in Afrocentric America, the fourth act of the play after the climax. (See tragedy .) Freytag's pyramid illustrates visually the normal charting of the catastrophe in personnel payslip, a plotline. CATCH : A lyric poem or song meant to be sung as a round, with the America words arranged in each line so that the personnel audience will hear a hidden (often humorous or ribald) message as the America and Prejudice Essay groups of singers sing their separate lyrics and space out the wording of the poem.

For example, one might write a song in which the first line contained the words up, the word look appears in the middle of the third line, the word dress appears in the second line, and the word her appears in the middle of the fourth line. On Gender And Time Spent Grooming Essay. When the song or poem is sung as a round by four groups of singers, the Afrocentric America Essay word order and timing is arranged so that the of fertilizers singers create the hidden phrase look up her dress as they sing, to the amusement of the audience as they listen to an otherwise innocent set of lyrics. Robert Herrick's To the Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay Virgins, to Make Much of of fertilizers, Time is an example of a catch, and when William Lawes adapted the poem to music for Milton's masque Comus , it became one of the most popular drinking songs of the 1600s (Damrosche 844-45). CATCHWORD : This phrase comes from printing; it refers to Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay, a trick printers would use to keep pages in rock, their proper order. The printer would print a specific word below the text at the bottom of a page. This word would match the Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay first word on the next page. A printer could thus check the order by flipping quickly from robert biography, one page to the next and making sure the catchword matched appropriately.

This trick has been valuable to modern codicologists because it allows us to note missing pages that have been lost, misplaced, or censored. CATHARSIS : An emotional discharge that brings about Essay, a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate end of personnel, any tragic artistic work. He writes in his Poetics (c. 350 BCE): Tragedy is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; . . . through pity [ eleos ] and fear [ phobos ] effecting the proper purgation [ catharsis ] of these emotions (Book 6.2). Afrocentric America And Prejudice. (See tragedy .) Click here to download a pdf handout concerning this material. CAVALIER : A follower of Charles I of England (ruled c. 1625-49) in punk, his struggles with the Puritan-dominated parliament. The term is used in contrast with Roundheads , his Puritan opponents. Cavaliers were primarily wealthy aristocrats and courtiers. They were famous for Afrocentric America their long hair, fancy clothing, licentious or hedonistic behavior, and their support of the arts. See Cavalier drama and Cavalier poets , below.

Ultimately, Cromwell led the Roundheads in a coup d'état and established a Puritan dictatorship in punk, England, leading to the end of the and Prejudice English Renaissance and its artistic, scientific, and cultural achievements. To see where Charles' reign fits in about childhood, English history, you can download this PDF handout listing the reigns of Afrocentric and Prejudice, English monarchs chronologically. CAVALIER DRAMA : A form of robert biography, English drama comprising court plays that the Queen gave patronage to in the 1630s. Most critics have been underimpressed with these plays, given that they are mostly unoriginal and written in a ponderous style. The Puritan coup d'état and America the later execution of personnel, King Charles mercifully terminated the dramatic period, but unfortunately also ended their poetry, which was quite good in comparison. CAVALIER POETS : A group of Cavalier English lyric poets who supported King Charles I and wrote during his reign and who opposed the Puritans, his political enemies. The major Cavalier poets included Carew, Waller, Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, and Herrick. They largely abandoned the sonnet form favored for a century earlier, but they still focused on the themes of America Essay, love and central nervous sensuality and their work illustrates technical virtuosity as J. America. A. Cuddon put it (125). They show strong signs of system, Ben Jonson's influence.

CAVE, THE : Not to be confused with Plato's allegorical cave , this term is a nickname for a gathering of Tolkien and fellow Oxford English scholars in the 1930s before the Inklings formed. As Drout's J.R.R. Afrocentric Essay. Tolkien Encyclopedia summarizes the details, the name comes from I Samuel 22:1-2, where the Cave of Adullam became the place for David's conpiracies against King Saul, possibly implying that the members of the Cave at Oxford saw themselves as righteously subversive of the academic establishment. Members of the Cave included C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, Neville Coghill, Hugh Dyson, and Cleanth Brooks. Punk Offshoot. They were distinguished scholars of various fields. Eventually, in 1933, C.S. America. Lewis's brother Warnie retired to Oxford after a bout with alcoholism and could not regularly make meetings at the Cave. C.S.

Lewis took it upon ambitions, himself to raid the Cave for similarly-minded scholars to become a part of the new Inklings group (Lobdell cited in and Prejudice, Drout 88). Cf. Inklings and ambitions payslip Cave, Plato's below. CAVE, PLATO'S : In Plato's Republic , Socrates, Plato, and America and Prejudice several of their fellows debate the nature of ideal government. In the section on education in this ideal Republic, they argue about the purpose of education. As part of Socrates' argument, the A Study Grooming discussion veers into an allegory in which human existence is Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay, being trapped in a cave of ignorance, chained in robert, place and America and Prejudice Essay unable to view anything except shadows cast on the wall. Some of those shadows are vague outlines of actual unseen truths beyond the perception of the central and peripheral senses; others are false images deliberately designed to mislead the Essay cave-dwellers, keeping them content and ambitions payslip unquestioning. And Prejudice Essay. The purpose of education becomes freeing the imprisoned human and central nervous forcing him to leave the cave, to look at Afrocentric, the actual objects that make the shadows. A Study Based And Time Spent Grooming Essay. Cf. Platonic Forms . While reading Plato's cave as an America and Prejudice, allegory of education is a common interpretation, some philosophers (especially medieval readers) often took a more mystical approach to of fertilizers, the Greek text, interpreting the cave as the material or physical world, while the shadows were mere outline of a greater spiritual truths--hidden and Afrocentric America eternal beyond the physical world. C. S. Lewis coopts this idea in The Last Battle , in which the characters discover after death that Narnia has merely been a crude approximation of heaven, and the further they travel in the onion ring, the larger and more beautiful and ambitions personnel more true the inner rings become.

CELLERAGE : The hollow area beneath a Renaissance stage--known in Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay, Renaissance slang as hell and biography entered through a trapdoor called a hellmouth . The voice of the ghost comes from this area in Hamlet , which has led to scholarly discussion concerning whether or not the ghost is really Hamlet's father or a demon in disguise. CELTIC : A branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Celtic includes Welsh and Breton. Celtic languages are geographically linked to western Europe, and Essay they come in two general flavors, goidelic (or Q-celtic) and brythonic (or P-celtic). CELTIC REVIVAL : A literary movement involving increased interest in Welsh, Scottish, and childhood Irish culture, myths, legends, and literature.

It began in the late 1700s and continues to this day. Thomas Gray's Pindaric ode The Bard (1757) and Ieuan Brydydd's publication of Some Specimens of the Poetry of the Ancient Welsh Bards (1764) mark its emergence, and Charlotte Guest's translation of The Mabinogion in 1839 marks its continued rise. Matthew Arnold's lectures on Afrocentric Essay Celtic literature at Oxford helped promote the foundation of a Chair of Celtic at that school in punk offshoot, 1877. The Celtic Revival influenced Thomas Love Peacock, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Gerard Manley Hopkins, and W. B. Yeats, and probably led to the creation of the Abbey Theatre . A continuing part of the Celtic Revival is the Irish Literary Renaissance , a surge of extraordinary Irish talent in the late nineteenth and twentieth century including Bram Stoker, James Joyce, William Butler Yeats, Samuel Beckett, George Bernard Shaw, and Afrocentric America Seamus Heaney. CENOTAPH : A carving on a tombstone or monument, often in punk rock offshoot, the form of a verse poem, biblical passage, or literary allusion appearing after the deceased individual's name and date of birth/death. Often used synonymously with epitaph . CENSORSHIP : The act of Afrocentric America and Prejudice, hiding, removing, altering or destroying copies of art or writing so that general public access to it is partially or completely limited. A Study On Gender And Time Grooming. Contrast with bowdlerization. Click here to download a PDF handout discussing censorship in Afrocentric and Prejudice, great detail. Punk Offshoot. The term originates in an occupational position in the Roman government.

After the fifth century BCE, Rome commissioned censors. These censors at first were limited to conducting the census for tax estimations, but in Afrocentric America Essay, latter times, their job was to impose moral standards for citizenship, including the removal of unsavory literature. See also the Censorship Ordinance of about, 1559 and the Profanity Act of 1606 . CENSORSHIP ORDINANCE OF 1559 : This law under Queen Elizabeth required the political censorship of public plays and all printed materials in matters of religion and the government. And Prejudice. The Master of Revels was appointed to monitor and control such material. Cormier Biography. All of Shakespeare's early works were written under this act. We can see signs of alteration in his early works to conform to the requirements of the censors. Afrocentric And Prejudice Essay. Contrast with the Profanity Act of 1606 . CENTAUR MYTH : In mythology and literary use, a common motif is the centaur (a hybrid of horse-body with a human torso where the horse's head would be). This mythic creature has gone through a number of allegorical transformations in different literary periods. In classical Greek artwork and literature, centaurs were associated with sex and violence. Their lineage traces them to Centaurus, the twin brother of King Lapithes.

Both Centaurus and Lapithes were the offspring of Apollo and a river nymph named Stilbe. Stilbe gave birth to about, twins, with the Afrocentric America and Prejudice elder Lapithes being strong, brave and handsome, but the younger twin Centaurus was ugly, brutish, and deformed. Unable to find a woman willing to marry him, Centaurus engaged in bestiality with mares, who in turn gave birth to half-human, half-horse hybrids that terrorized the land, becoming the first centaurs. Many Greek temples such as the Parthenon included a prominent carved scene called a centauromachia , which depicted the about battle between Pirithous, a later king of the Lapith tribe, as he battled with centaurs who party-crashed his wedding and attempted to abduct the bride and bridesmaids. The scene was also popular in Greek pottery and wall-painting, and it helped cement the Greek idea that centaurs were generally loutish creatures symbolizing bestial natures--especially the lower passions of Afrocentric and Prejudice, gluttony, rapine, and sexuality. Only a few exceptions (such as Chiron) were exceptions to this rule, and Based and Time on Personal Grooming Greek heroes like Hercules spent a great deal of time beating up centaurs who sought to Afrocentric America Essay, kidnap their wives and lovers. Later, medieval bestiaries revisited and Christianized the centaur myth. One medieval bestiary/commentary used centaurs as symbols of hypocrisy.

After pews gradually become common in late medieval churches near the A Study and Time on Personal Grooming turn of the America Renaissance, such bestiaries depicted the centaur as standing in a pew so that only the poetry about childhood human-looking upper half of the Afrocentric America Essay body was visible while the ambitions payslip lower animal half was unseen. The commentators stated that even thus wicked people in churches would look virtuous in their public appearance, but their truly monstrous nature would remain concealed. By the Enlightenment, pastoral artwork and paintings tended to depict centaurs more as frolicking, playful creatures--erasing earlier overtones of America and Prejudice Essay, rape and evil, and by the late 19th-century, fantasy writers at the time of George MacDonald rehabilitated them, making them deuteragonists and robert cormier tritagonists that heroes would encounter on their quests. Afrocentric America Essay. Among the types Inklings of the 1940s, C.S. Afrocentric America And Prejudice. Lewis in particular become fascinated with idealizing centaurs as noble creatures and developed them into a private symbol for spiritual and bodily perfection. Lewis saw the A Study Based and Time Grooming Essay upward human half of a centaur as being an emblem of reason and nobility, and the lower half being an Afrocentric Essay, emblem of central and peripheral nervous, natural biological or animal passions. Thus, the Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay centaur became his emblem for the healthy union of the material body and the intellectual/spiritual domains--an organism as God intended humans to and peripheral system, be before the fall, or the perfect amalgamation of the chariot-driver, chariot, and horses in Afrocentric and Prejudice Essay, the allegory of the charioteer that Plato retells in Phaedrus . CENTUM LANGUAGE : One of the two main branches of Indo-European languages. Of Fertilizers. These centum languages are generally associated with western Indo-European languages and America they often have a hard palatal /k/ sound rather than the about childhood sibilant sound found in equivalent satem words. See discussion under Indo-European . CHAIN OF BEING : An elaborate cosmological model of the universe common in the Middle Ages and Afrocentric the Renaissance. Types Of Fertilizers. The Great Chain of Being was a permanently fixed hierarchy with the Judeo-Christian God at the top of the Afrocentric America chain and inanimate objects like stones and mud at the bottom.

Intermediate beings and objects, such as angels, humans, animals, and plants, were arrayed in descending order of intelligence, authority, and capability between these two extremes. The Chain of and Time Spent on Personal Essay, Being was seen as designed by God. The idea of the Chain of Being resonates in art, politics, literature, cosmology, theology, and philosophy throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance. It takes on particular complexity because different parts of the Afrocentric and Prejudice Essay Chain were thought to correspond to each other. (See correspondences .) Click here for more information. CHANSON (French song): A love-song or French love-poem, especially one the Provençal troubadour poets created or performed. Conventionally, the chanson has five or six stanzas, all of identical structure, and an envoi or a tornada at the end.

They were usually dedicated or devoted to A Study Based on Gender and Time on Personal Essay, a lady or a mistress in the courtly love tradition. CHANSON DE GESTE (French, song of deeds): These chansons are lengthy Old French poems written between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries glorifying Carolingian noblemen and Afrocentric America their feudal lords. The chansons de geste combine history and legend . They focus on religious aspects of chivalry rather than courtly love or the knightly quests so common in the chivalric romance . Typical subject-matter involves (1) internal wars and biography intrigue among noble factions (2) external conflict with Saracens, and (3) rebellious vassals who rise up against their lords in acts of betrayal. Afrocentric America Essay. Typical poetic structure involves ten-syllable lines marked by assonance and stanzas of varying length. The chansons de geste are in many ways comparable to epics . Over eighty texts survive, but The Song of Roland is by far the most popular today. CHANSON À PERSONNAGES (French, song to people): Old French songs or poems in dialogue form. Offshoot. Common subjects include quarrels between husbands and wives, meetings between a lone knight and America Essay a comely shepherdess, or romantic exchanges between lovers leaving each other in the morning. See aubade . CHARACTER : Any representation of an poetry about, individual being presented in a dramatic or narrative work through extended dramatic or verbal representation. The reader can interpret characters as endowed with moral and dispositional qualities expressed in Essay, what they say ( dialogue ) and what they do ( action ). E. And Peripheral System. M. Forster describes characters as flat (i.e., built around a single idea or quality and unchanging over the course of the narrative) or round (complex in temperament and motivation; drawn with subtlety; capable of growth and change during the course of the narrative).

The main character of a work of a fiction is typically called the protagonist ; the character against whom the protagonist struggles or contends (if there is one), is the antagonist . If a single secondary character aids the protagonist throughout the narrative, that character is the deuteragonist (the hero's side-kick). A character of tertiary importance is a tritagonist . These terms originate in classical Greek drama, in which a tenor would be assigned the role of protagonist, a baritone the role of deuteragonist, and a bass would play the tritagonist. Compare flat characters with stock characters . CHARACTERIZATION : An author or poet's use of Afrocentric America and Prejudice, description, dialogue, dialect, and action to create in the reader an emotional or intellectual reaction to a character or to make the character more vivid and realistic. Careful readers note each character's attitude and thoughts, actions and reaction, as well as any language that reveals geographic, social, or cultural background. CHARACTONYM : An evocative or symbolic name given to a character that conveys his or her inner psychology or allegorical nature. For instance, Shakespeare has a prostitute named Doll Tearsheet and rock offshoot a moody young man named Mercutio . Essay. Steinbeck has the sweet-natured Candy in Of Mice and robert cormier Men . Spenser has a lawless knight named Sansloy (French, without law) and an arrogant giant named Orgoglio (Italian, pride).

On a more physical level, Rabelais might name a giant Gargantua or C.S. Afrocentric America And Prejudice Essay. Lewis might call his talking lion Aslan (Turkish for lion). These names are all simple charactonyms. Cf. eponym . CHASTUSHKA (plur. Based Grooming Essay. chastushki ): In 19th-century Russian literature, a short song, usually of four lines--usually epigrammatic and humorous and Essay nature, commonly focusing on topics such as love and commonly associated with young artists. Chastushki on political topics became more common in the 20th century. Most modern examples rhyme and use regular trochaic meter, though in the oldest examples, these features are less regular, with cadences that are feminine or dactylic (Harkins 121). CHAUCERISM : In the Renaissance, experimental revivals and new word formations that were consciously designed to imitate the sounds, the feel, and verbal patterns from an older century--a verbal or grammatical anachronism . Childhood. Spenser uses many Chaucerisms in Afrocentric Essay, The Fairie Queene . CHEKE SYSTEM : As summarized by Baugh, a proposed method for and peripheral nervous indicating long vowels and standardizing spelling first suggested by Sir John Cheke in Renaissance orthography. Cheke would double vowels to indicate a long sound. For instance, mate would be spelled maat , lake would be spelled laak , and so on. Afrocentric America. Silent e 's would be removed, and the letter y would be abolished and an i used in of fertilizers, its place (Baugh 209).

It did not catch on. CHIASMUS (from Greek, cross or x): A literary scheme in which the Afrocentric Essay author introduces words or concepts in a particular order, then later repeats those terms or similar ones in reversed or backwards order. Central And Peripheral Nervous System. It involves taking parallelism and deliberately turning it inside out, creating a crisscross pattern. For example, consider the chiasmus that follows: By day the frolic, and and Prejudice the dance by night . If we draw the words as a chart, the payslip words form an x (hence the and Prejudice word's Greek etymology, from chi meaning x): The sequence is cormier, typically a b b a or a b c c b a . I lead the life I love ; I love the life I lead . Naked I rose from the earth ; to the grave I fall clothed . Biblical examples in the Greek can be found in Philippians 1:15-17 and Colossians 3:11, though the artistry is often lost in Afrocentric America and Prejudice, English translation. Chiasmus often overlaps with antimetabole . CHICANO / CHICANA LITERATURE : Twentieth- and types twenty-first-century writings and poetry by Mexican-American immigrants or their children--usually in English with short sections or phrases in Spanish. An example would be Sandra Cisneros' writings, such as The House on Mango Street or My Wicked Wicked Ways . Following the America and Prejudice grammatical conventions for robert gender in America and Prejudice, Spanish, the nervous system adjective Chicano takes an America, -o suffix in reference to ambitions personnel payslip, male authors and an -a suffix in reference to female authors. Cf. Latino Writing . CHIVALRY : An idealized code of America and Prejudice, military and social behavior for the aristocracy in the late medieval period. The word chivalry comes from Old French cheval (horse), and chivalry literally means horsemanship. Normally, only rich nobility could afford the expensive armor, weaponry, and warhorses necessary for mounted combat, so the act of becoming a knight was symbolically indicated by giving the knight silver spurs.

The right to knighthood in the late medieval period was inherited through the father, but it could also be granted by the king or a lord as a reward for services. The tenets of chivalry attempted to civilize the brutal activity of warfare. The chivalric ideals involve sparing non-combatants such as women, children, and helpless prisoners; the protection of the church; honesty in word and bravery in deeds; loyalty to one's liege; dignified behavior; and single-combat between noble opponents who had a quarrel. Other matters associated with chivalry include gentlemanly contests in arms supervised by witnesses and heralds, behaving according to and Time, the manners of polite society, courtly love , brotherhood in arm s , and feudalism . See knight for additional information. This code became of great popular interest to British readers in America and Prejudice Essay, the 1800s, leading to a surge of and peripheral, historical novels, poems, and paintings dealing with medieval matters.

Examples of this nineteenth-century fascination include the Pre-Raphaelite Movement , William Morris's revival of medieval handcrafts, Scott's novels such as Ivanhoe , and the earnestly sympathetic (though unrealistic) depiction of knighthood in Tennyson's Idylls of the King . In Tennyson's poem Guinevere , King Arthur describes the America and Prejudice ideals of knighthood thus: I made them lay their hands in mine and swear. To reverence the King, as if he were. Their conscience, and their conscience as their King. To break the heathen and punk rock uphold the Christ, To ride abroad redressing human wrongs, To speak no slander, no, nor listen to it, To honor his own word as if his God's, To lead sweet lives in purest chastity, To love one maiden only, cleave to Afrocentric and Prejudice, her, And worship her by years of noble deeds,

Until they won her. For the best modern scholarly discussion of chivalry as a historic reality in the Middle Ages, read Maurice H. Keen's Chivalry (Yale University Press, 1984). CHORAGOS (often Latinized as choragus ): A sponsor or patron of a play in punk rock offshoot, classical Greece. And Prejudice Essay. Often this sponsor was honored by serving as the leader of the types of fertilizers chorus (see below). CHORIC FIGURE : Any character in any type of narrative literature that serves the same purpose as a chorus in drama by remaining detached from the main action and commenting upon or explaining this action to the audience. See chorus , below. CHORUS : (1) A group of singers who stand alongside or off stage from the principal performers in a dramatic or musical performance. (2) The song or refrain that this group of singers sings. In ancient Greece, the chorus was originally a group of male singers and dancers ( choreuti ) who participated in religious festivals and dramatic performances by singing commenting on the deeds of the characters and interpreting the significance of the events within the play.

This group contrasts with the actors (Greek hypocrites ). Shakespeare alters the traditional chorus by replacing the singers with a single figure--often allegorical in nature. For instance, Time comes on stage in The Winter's Tale to explain the passing years. Likewise, Rumor appears in Henry IV, Part Two to summarize the gossip about Prince Hal. See also choragos and choric figure , above. CHRISTIAN NOVEL : A novel that focuses on Christianity, evangelism, or conversion stories. Afrocentric America And Prejudice. Sometimes the plots are overtly focused on and Time Spent Grooming Essay this theme, but others are primarily allegorical or symbolic. Traditionally, most literary critics have rated these works as being of lower literary quality than the canon of great novels in Western civilization. Examples include Bodie Thoen's In My Father's House , Catherine Marshall's Christy , Par Lagerkvist's Barabbas , Henryk Sienkiewicz's Quo Vadis , and Lloyd C. Douglas's The Robe . CHRISTOLOGICAL FIGURE : In theology, Christology is the study of Jesus' nature, i.e., whether Christ had both a human and divine nature, whether he had one sentient will alone or one human will and one divine will, whether he was theoretically capable of sin like humanity or perfectly righteous like the other persons in the trinity, whether he shared in the Father's omniscience or suffered from human afflictions like doubt or ignorance, whether he existed or not before his biological birth, whether he was equal in authority and Afrocentric and Prejudice Essay power to the other persons in the trinity, and whether he actually had a physical body (the orthodox view) or was composed entirely of spirit (the Arian view). In literary studies, the term christological has been commandeered to refer to (1) an A Study and Time on Personal Grooming Essay, object, person, or figure that represents Christ allegorically or symbolically, or (2) any similar object, person, or figure with qualities generally reminiscent of Christ.

Examples of christological figures include the Old Man in Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea , who after his struggle with the fish ends up bleeding from his palms and lying on the floor in Afrocentric Essay, a cruciform pattern; the lion Aslan in C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia , who allows himself like the lion of the tribe of Judah to be slain in order to redeem a traitorous child; and the unicorn in medieval bestiaries, which would lie down and place its phallic , ivory-horned meekly in a maiden's lap so that hunters might kill it--which medieval monks interpreted as an allegory of Christ allowing himself to enter the payslip womb of the virgin Mary so that he might later be sacrificed. Zora Neale Hurston creates a christ-figure in Delia Jones, who in the short story Sweat suffers to and Prejudice Essay, support her ungrateful husband and crawled over the earth in poetry about, Gethsemane and Afrocentric America and Prejudice up the rocks of Calvary many, many times . . . and so on. CHRONICLE : A history or a record of events. It refers to nervous system, any systematic account or narration of and Prejudice, events that makes minimal attempt to interpret, question, or analyze that history. Because of this, chronicles often contain large amounts of folklore or other word-of-mouth legends the robert biography writer has heard. Afrocentric America. In biblical literature, the book of offshoot, Chronicles is one example of a chronicle. Afrocentric America And Prejudice Essay. Medieval chronicles include Joinville's account of the Crusades and and peripheral Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain , a source for Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay much Arthurian legend. In the central nervous system Renaissance , Raphael Holinshed, Edward Hall, and other chroniclers influenced Shakespeare.

Chronicles were popular in England after the British defeated the America and Prejudice Spanish Armada in 1588. The accompanying patriotic fervor increased the public's demand for plays about English history. Childhood. If Chronicles are written in the form of annual entries, they are also called annals . See also lepotis . CHRONOLOGICAL SNOBBERY : C. S. Afrocentric Essay. Lewis's term for types what he describes as the uncritical acceptance of . . . the assumption that whatever has gone out of date is on that account discredited, i.e., the unthinking belief that past ideas or literature are obsolete and that current or present ideas are superior to them, the myth that all change is beneficial progress. Lewis initially felt torn between his love of medieval literature and the sense that it made him a dinosaur out of touch with the 20th century, and he felt depressed to think the fictions of the past as beautiful lies. Afrocentric Essay. In a fierce philosophical debate ( The Great War ) with Owen Barfield, Barfield convinced him that such a view was wrong, and Lewis states Barfield made short work of my chronological snobbery (qtd. in Duriez 45). CHRONOLOGY (Greek: logic of time): The order in which events happen, especially when emphasizing a cause-effect relationship in history or in types of fertilizers, a narrative.

CHTHONIC : Related to the dead, the grave, the underworld, or the America and Prejudice fertility of the earth. In Greek mythology, the Greeks venerated three categories of spirits: (1) the Olympian gods, who were worshipped in public ceremonies--often outdoors on the east side of large columned temples in ambitions personnel payslip, the agora , (2) ancestral heroes like Theseus and Hercules, who were often worshipped only in Afrocentric, local shrines or at specific burial mounds, (3) chthonic spirits, which included (a) earth-gods and death-gods like Hades, Hecate, and Persephone; (b) lesser-known (and often nameless) spirits of the departed; (c) dark and bloody spirits of Based Spent Essay, vengeance like the Furies and Nemesis, and (d) (especially in Minoan tradition) serpents, which were revered as intermediaries between the surface world of the living and the subterranean realm of the dead. This is why snakes were so prominent in the healing cults of Aesclepius. It became common in Greek to speak of the Olympian in contrast to the cthonioi (those belonging to the earth). See Burkert 199-203 for detailed discussion. CHURCH SUMMONER : Medieval law courts were divided into civil courts that tried public offenses and ecclesiastical courts that tried offenses against the church. Summoners were minor church officials whose duties included summoning offenders to and Prejudice, appear before the church and receive sentence. By the punk rock fourteenth century, the job became synonymous with extortion and corruption because many summoners would take bribes from the individuals summoned to court.

Chaucer satirized a summoner in The Canterbury Tales . CINQUAIN : A five-line stanza with varied meter and rhyme scheme, possibly of medieval origin but definitely influenced after 1909 by Japanese poetic forms such as the tanka . Most modern cinquains are now based on Afrocentric Essay the form standardized by an American poet, Adelaide Crapsey (1878-1918), in which each unrhymed line has a fixed number of nervous system, syllables--respectively two, four, six, eight, and two syllables in each line--for a rigid total of 22 syllables. Here is probably the most famous example of a cinquain from Crapsey's The Complete Poems ; Three silent things: The falling snow. the hour. Before the dawn. the mouth of one. Perhaps under the influence of diamante poems, many modern elementary school teachers have begun adding an additional set of and Prejudice Essay, conventions to the cinquain in which each line has a specific structural requirement: Line 1 - Consists of the two-syllable title or subject for the poem.

Line 2 - Consists of two adjectives totaling four syllables describing the subject or title. Line 3 - Consists of three verbs totaling six syllables describing the ambitions payslip subject's actions. Line 4 - Consists of four words totaling eight syllables giving the and Prejudice writer's opinion of the subject. Line 5 - Consists of one two-syllable word, often a synonym for the subject. These secondary conventions, however, are usually limited to children's poetic exercises, and professional poets do not generally follow these conventions. CIRCULAR STRUCTURE : A type of artistic structure in which a sense of completeness or closure does not originate in coming to a conclusion that breaks with the earlier story; instead, the sense of closure originates in the way the end of a piece returns to subject-matter, wording, or phrasing found at the beginning of the personnel narrative, play, or poem. An example of Afrocentric America Essay, circular structure might be The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, which ends with an ellipsis identical to the opening sequence, indicating that the middle-aged protagonist is engaging in yet another escapist fantasy. Ambitions. Leigh Hunt's poem Jenny Kissed Me is an example of a circularly-structured poem, since it ends with the same words that open the speaker's ecstatic, gossipy report.

Langdon Smith's poem Evolution is circular in its concluding repetition of the opening phrase, When you were a tadpole, and I was a fish, but it is Afrocentric Essay, also thematically circular, in that it implies the cycle of reincarnated love will continue again and again in poetry about childhood, spite of death. In many ways, the and Prejudice Essay smaller tales within a larger frame narrative act as part of a circular structure, because each small tale begins by breaking the reader away from the types of fertilizers larger, encompassing narrative and concludes by returning the reader to that larger frame-narrative. CITY DIONYSIA : See discussion under dionysia . CIVIC CRITICS : A school of 19th-century Russian literary scholars who judged the value of writing primarily by its political context and progressive ideas. And Prejudice. They commonly wrote in oposition to the aesthetic theories of the Parnassian Poets (Harkins 55). Example critics include Belinski (active in the 1840s), Dobrolyubov, and Chernyshevski. CLANG ASSOCIATION : A semantic change caused because one word sounds similar to another. Ambitions Payslip. For instance, the Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay word fruition in Middle English meant enjoyment. In Modern English, its meaning has changed to completion because it sounds like the Based Spent on Personal word fruit --hence the idea of ripeness, of America, growing to full size, as Algeo notes (314). CLASSICAL : The term in nervous, Western culture is usually used in reference to the art, architecture, drama, philosophy, literature, and history surrounding the Greeks and Romans between 1000 BCE and Afrocentric America 410 BCE.

Works created during the Greco-Roman period are often called classics . The Golden Age of rock offshoot, Classical Greek culture is commonly held to be the fifth century BCE (especially 450-410 BCE). The term can be applied more generally to Afrocentric America and Prejudice, any ancient and revered writing or artwork from a specific culture; thus we refer to Classical Chinese, Classical Hebrew, and Classical Arabic works. For extended discussion, click here. To download a PDF handout placing the central and peripheral periods of literary history in order, click here. CLASSICAL HAIKU : Another term for the hokku , the Afrocentric Essay predecessor of the modern haiku . See hokku and haiku . CLAUSE : In grammatical terminology, a clause is any word-construction containing a nominative and a predicate, i.e., a subject doing a verb. The term clause contrasts with the term phrase . Payslip. A phrase might contain nouns as appositives or objects, and it might contain verb-like words in the form of participles or gerunds, but it crucially lacks a subject doing a verb. For example, consider this sentence: Joe left the building after seeing his romantic rival. Clause : Joe left the Afrocentric America Essay building.

Phrase : after seeing his romantic rival. If the clause could stand by itself as a complete sentence, it is central nervous, known as an independent clause . If the clause cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence (typically because it begins with a subordinating conjunction), it is said to be a dependent clause . Afrocentric America And Prejudice. For expanded discussion and examples, click here. Of Fertilizers. For a discusion of clauses according to functional type, click here ( TBA). CLERIHEW : In light verse, a funny poem of closed-form with four lines rhyming ABAB in irregular meter, usually about America and Prejudice Essay, a famous person from history or literature. Typically the historical person's name forms one of the rhymes. The name comes from Edmund Clerihew Bentley (1875-1956), the purported inventor. He supposedly had a habit of scribbling down such rhymes during dull lectures at poetry about, school, including this one from his chemistry class: Sir Humphrey Davy. He lived in the odium.

Of having discovered sodium. CLICHÉ : A hackneyed or trite phrase that has become overused. Afrocentric America Essay. Clichés are considered bad writing and bad literature. Ambitions Personnel Payslip. Click here to download a PDF handout for more information. Cliché rhymes are rhymes that are considered trite or predictable. Cliché rhymes in poetry include love and dove , moon and June , trees and breeze . Sometimes, to avoid cliché rhymes, poets will go to hyperbolic lengths, such as the trisyllabic rhymes in Lord Byron's Don Juan . CLICHÉ RHYME : Cliché rhymes are rhymes that are considered trite or predictable. They include love and dove , moon and June , trees and breeze . Sometimes, to Afrocentric America Essay, avoid cliché rhymes, poets will go to hyperbolic lengths, such as the trisyllabic rhymes in and peripheral nervous, Lord Byron's Don Juan . CLICK : A sound common in some non-Indo-European languages in and Prejudice Essay, Polynesia made by clucking the tongue or drawing in robert, air with the tongue rather than expelling it from the lungs--such as the sound represented by the letter combination tsk-tsk . Some linguists indicate this sound in transcribing Polynesian languages by inserting an exclamation mark to indicate the America and Prejudice Essay palatal click. For instance, the !chung tribe has a palatal click as part of its name. CLIFFHANGER : A melodramatic narrative (especially in films, magazines, or serially published novels) in which each section ends at a suspenseful or dramatic moment, ensuring that the audience will watch the next film or read the next installment to find out of fertilizers, what happens.

The term comes from the common 1930's film-endings in which the main characters are literally left hanging on the edge of a cliff until the story resumes. The term cliffhanger has more loosely been applied to any situation, event, or contest in Afrocentric America, which the outcome remains uncertain until the last moment possible. CLIMAX, LITERARY (From Greek word for ladder): The moment in a play, novel, short story, or narrative poem at which the crisis reaches its point of greatest intensity and is thereafter resolved. It is also the peak of poetry about childhood, emotional response from a reader or spectator and usually the turning point in Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay, the action. The climax usually follows or overlaps with the crisis of a story, though some critics use the two terms synonymously. (Contrast with anticlimax , crisis , and poetry about denouement ; do not confuse with rhetorical climax , below.) CLIMAX, RHETORICAL : Also known as auxesis and crescendo , this refers to an artistic arrangement of Afrocentric and Prejudice, a list of items so that they appear in a sequence of increasing importance. See rhetorical schemes for more information. The opposite Based Essay of climax is Essay, bathos . CLIP : To form a word by abbreviating a longer expression, or a word formed by the same process. For instance, the word auto (as in auto shop) is a clipped form of automobile . CLOSE READING : Reading a piece of literature carefully, bit by bit, in order to analyze the significance of every individual word, image, and punk rock artistic ornament.

Click here for more information. The term is sometimes used synonymously with critical reading , though I arbitrarily prefer to reserve close reading as a reference for analyzing literature and America and Prejudice critical reading as a reference for types breaking down an essay's argument logically. America. Cf. Robert Cormier. critical reading . CLOSED POETIC FORM : Poetry written in a a specific or traditional pattern according to the required rhyme, meter, line length, line groupings, and number of lines within a genre of poetry. Afrocentric America. Examples of a closed-form poetry include haiku , limericks , and sonnets , which have set numbers of syllables, lines, and traditional subject-matter. Contrast with open poetic form . CLOSURE (Latin clausura , a closing): Closure has two common meanings. Childhood. First, it means a sense of completion or finality at the conclusion of play or narrative work--especially a feeling in the audience that all the problems have been resolved satisfactorily. Frequently, this sort of closure may involve stock phrases (and they lived happily ever after or finis ) or certain conventional ceremonial actions (dropping a curtain or having the actors in a play take a bow).

The narrative may reveal the solution of the primary problem(s) driving the plot, the death of a major character (especially the antagonist, the protagonist's romantic interest or even the protagonist herself), or careful denouement . An example of extended denouement as closure occurs in America Essay, George Eliot's Middlemarch , in which the author carefully explains what happened in later years to each character in the novel. Closure can also come about by a radical alteration or change in the imaginary world created by an author. For instance, in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings , much of the closure to the saga comes from the departure of the offshoot elves and wizards, who sail across the sea, leaving the world of human men and women forever, an America and Prejudice Essay, act which apparently causes magic to types of fertilizers, fade. Shakespearean comedies often achieve closure by having major characters find love-interests and declare their marital intentions. Other more experimental forms of literature and poetry may achieve closure by circular structure , in which the and Prejudice Essay poem or story ends by A Study on Gender and Time on Personal coming back to the narrative's original starting spot, or by returning a similar situation to what was found at the beginning of the tale. See discussion under denouement . Do note that some narratives intentionally seek to frustrate the audience's sense of closure. Examples of literature that reject conventions of closure include cliffhanger serials (see above), which reject normal closure in an attempt to gain returning audiences. Many postmodern narratives influenced by existential philosophy, on the other hand, reject closure as too simplistic and and Prejudice Essay artificial in poetry about childhood, comparison with the complexities of human living. Secondly, some critics use the Afrocentric America Essay term closure as a derogatory term to imply the rock reduction of a work's meanings to a single and complete sense that excludes the and Prejudice claims of other interpretations. For extended discussion of closure, see Frank Kermode's The Sense of An Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction , as reprinted in 2001. CLOWN : (1) A fool or rural bumpkin in Shakespearean vocabulary.

Examples of this type of clown include Lance, Bottom, Dogberry, and other Shakespearean characters. (2) A professional jester who performs pranks, sleight-of-hand and juggling routines, and who sings songs or tells riddles and jokes at court. By convention, such jesters were given considerable leeway to speak on nearly any topic (even criticizing court policy) as long as the criticism was veiled in riddles and of fertilizers wordplay. Examples of America, this type in Shakespeare's work include Touchstone, Feste, and robert cormier Lear's Fool. Cf. fool . COCKNEY : Originally, in Afrocentric America, Middle English times, the term cockney was a derogatory term for a dumb city-dweller. It comes from cock's egg, the idea that an nervous, uneducated urbanite would be so ignorant he or she would not realize that a male rooster (a cock) would be the wrong gender to Afrocentric America, lay an egg.

By Renaissance times, the word was applied to childhood, those living in the Bow Bells area of London in Afrocentric America, Cheapside, a working class district. Today, the term implies most strongly the spoken dialect of that area. Cockney dialect tends to be non-rhotic, with final -er pronounced as a schwa, and cormier it often shows signs of t -glottalization. It frequently substitutes /r/ with /w/, and America merges lexical sets like north/force and thought/start . The imprecise term Estuary English refers to spoken English in the southeast of Britain that merges linguistic traits of RP and Cockney, and recent dialect shift that appears to poetry, be spreading across the island. See also Cockney Rhyming Slang , below. COCKNEY RHYMING SLANG : A form of slang in which the Afrocentric and Prejudice speaker substitutes one word in a sentence with another word or phrase that rhymes with the implied word--but which leaves out the actual, final rhyming part. This wordplay is associated with the dialect appearing in the Cheapside district of London's East End.

The resulting sentence is baffling for poetry childhood outsiders unfamiliar with the tradition but provides a pleasing word puzzle to Cockney speakers. For examples, instead of stating that The woman had exquisite legs, a Cockney speaker might say, The woman had exquisite bacons. Here, the phrase bacon- and-eggs rhymes with legs , so the speaker substitutes it for legs in Afrocentric America, the sentence, but deletes the A Study Based and Time Spent Grooming Essay final rhyming part of the phrase. CODE-SWITCHING : In bilingual or multilingual speech, rapidly changing from the vocabulary, grammar, and patterns of one language to another--often in mid-sentence. An example sentence to illustrate this process using Latin, Spanish, German, and French might read as follows: Imprimus, el commander qui runs his troops y sus attendants to death in a blitzkrieg isn't tres sapiens, n'est-pas? [In the first place, the America and Prejudice Essay commander who runs his troops and his attendants to death in a sudden attack isn't very wise, right?]

Although the term code-switching is one used in linguistics, code-switching as a phenomenon does appear in literature. About Childhood. The character of Salvatori the Afrocentric America monk in cormier, Umberto Eco's The Name of the Afrocentric and Prejudice Rose engages continuously in code-switching among Latin, Spanish, French, Italian, and German tongues, for instance. Code-switching is a common feature in central and peripheral system, Hispanic American English and in the fiction writings of Chicano authors. Cf. dog-latin and macaronic texts . CODICOLOGY (from Latin codex , book): The study of and Prejudice, books as physical artifacts. COGNATE : Cognates are words that (1) match each other to some degree in robert cormier, sound and meaning, (2) come from Afrocentric America, a common root in an older language, but (3) did not actually serve as a root for A Study on Gender and Time each other. For instance, in European Romance languages, many words trace their roots back to Latin. The Latin word unus (one) later became the root for a number of words meaning one such as une (French) and uno (Spanish). Une and uno are cognates --cousins or siblings on the family tree of Afrocentric, languages--but unus is the root or ancestor for these relatives. The Hebrew shalom , Arabic salaam , and the Aramaic shelam are similar cognates all meaning peace. Cognates play an important part in reconstructing dead languages such as proto-Indo-European , and they can be enormously helpful in learning new languages.

The amateur philologist should be cautious of false cognates, folk etymology , and robert biography faux amis , however. False cognates are words that happen to have a similar sound and Essay meaning, but which are actually unrelated semantically and historically. Central And Peripheral Nervous. Folk etymologies are erroneous accounts of how a word came into existence. Typically, the originator of the Afrocentric and Prejudice error hears or reads an unfamiliar word. The orginator then fabricates a spurious source by linking the punk strange word to a more familiar expression or then fashions a pun based upon sound similarities. Faux amis are technically cognates in terms of their morphology, but in terms of Afrocentric America Essay, their meaning, the personnel words have drifted apart from each other across time, such as the English verb embarass (to humiliate) and the Spanish embarazar (to impregnate). COLLECTIVE NOUN, COLLECTIVE PRONOUN : A noun such as team or pair that technically refers to and Prejudice, a collective group of individuals or individual items. Punk Rock. What makes them tricky in grammar? They can be singular or plural (e.g., one team , two teams , or one pair, two pairs .) Many students forget that and mistakenly treat the grammatically singular word as if it were always plural. Likewise, collective pronouns like some use the modifier rather than the headword for singular versus plural structure. For instance, Some of the the workers are gone uses a plural verb, but Some of the work is done uses a singular verb.

COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS : In twentieth-century Jungian Psychology , this term refers to America Essay, a shared group of archetypes (atavistic and universal images, cultural symbols, and recurring situations dealing with the cormier fundamental facts of human life) passed along to each generation to the next in folklore and stories or generated anew by the way must face similar problems to those our ancestors faced. Within a culture, the collective unconscious forms a treasury of powerful shared images and symbols found in our dreams, art stories, myths, and religious icons. See more detailed discussion under archetypal criticism . COLLOCATION : The frequency or tendency some words have to combine with each other. For instance, Algeo notes that the phrases tall person and high mountain seem to fit together readily without sounding strange. A non-native speaker might talk about a high person or tall mountain, and this construction might sound slightly odd to Essay, a native English speaker.

The difference is in collocation. COLLOQUIALISM : A word or phrase used everyday in plain and and peripheral nervous system relaxed speech, but rarely found in formal writing. America. (Compare with cliché , jargon and slang .) COLONIAL PERIOD : American and British historians use this term somewhat differently. American scholars usually use the term colonial period to refer to the years in the American colonies before the American Revolution against the British Monarchy--usually dating it from 1607 (when Jamestown was founded) to 1787 (when Congress ratified the of fertilizers Federal Constitution). This period coincides roughly with the Reformation in England and continues up through the end of the Enlightenment or Neoclassical Period. American writers from the colonial period include Ben Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Anne Bradstreet. See also Neoclassic . Click here to download a PDF handout placing this period in historical context with other literary movments. When British historians use the term, they sometimes tend to America and Prejudice Essay, apply the word colonial in more general reference to the British expansions into the Americas, the types Indies, India, Africa, and Afrocentric America Essay the Middle-East over the course of A Study and Time Spent, several centuries, even up to the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Afrocentric America. See colonialism , below. COLONIALISM : The term refers broadly and generally to the habit of powerful civilizations to colonize less powerful ones. Cormier Biography. On the obvious level, this process can take the Afrocentric form of a literal geographic occupation, outright enslavement, religious conversion at gun-point, or forced assimilation of native peoples.

On a more subtle level, this process can take the form of bureucratic policy that incidentally or indirectly leads to the extinction of a minority's language or culture, economic exploitation of cheap labor, and globalistic erasure of cultural differences. The term is often applied in academic discussion of literature from the colonial period. Childhood. We can see the America concerns of colonialism and imperial ambition in the works of poetry about childhood, George Orwell's Shooting an Elephant, in Rudyard Kipling's fictional tales about India, and in Josef Conrad's novella, Heart of America and Prejudice, Darkness . See Colonial Period , above. COMEDY (from Greek: komos , songs of merrimakers): In the types of fertilizers original meaning of the Afrocentric word, comedy referred to a genre of drama during the Dionysia festivals of ancient Athens. The first comedies were loud and boisterous drunken affairs, as the word's etymology suggests.

Later, in medieval and central nervous system Renaissance use, the word comedy came to mean any play or narrative poem in which the and Prejudice main characters manage to avert an impending disaster and have a happy ending. Nervous System. The comedy did not necessarily have to America and Prejudice Essay, be funny, and indeed, many comedies are serious in tone. It is only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that comedy's exclusive connotations of humor arose. See also Low Comedy, High Comedy, Comedy of the Absurd , Comedy of Humors , and Comedy of Manners . COMEDY OF THE ABSURD : A modern form of comedy dramatizing the meaninglessness, uncertainty, and pointless absurdity of on Gender Spent, human existence. A famous example is Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot . Cf. existentialism . COMEDY OF HUMORS : A Renaissance drama in which numerous characters appear as the embodiment of stereotypical types of people, each character having the Afrocentric America Essay physiological and behavioral traits associated with a specific humor in ambitions personnel, the human body. The majority of the cast consists of such stock characters. (See humors, bodily for more information.) Some of Shakespeare's characters, including Pistol, Bardulph, and others, show signs of Afrocentric America and Prejudice, having been adapted from the stereotypical humor characters. In literature, a humor character was a type of flat character in whom a single passion predominated; this interpretation was especially popular in Elizabethan and other Renaissance literature. Poetry About Childhood. See also stock character . COMEDY OF INNOCENCE : We have two definitions here. (1) In anthropological terms, a comedy of innocence is a ritualized symbolic behavior (or set of Essay, such behaviors) designed to alleviate individual or communal guilt about an robert cormier biography, execution or sacrifice or to hide the blame for such an America Essay, action. Poetry About. In ancient Greece, the ax or dagger used in a sacrifice might be put on trial (instead of the priest wielding it). The sacrificial animal might be required to volunteer by shaking its head or by Afrocentric America and Prejudice walking up to the altar to A Study Based and Time Spent on Personal Grooming Essay, eat the grain sitting on it. The sacrificial victim might be condemned to execution after being released where it could set foot in a forbidden holy grove or taboo sacred mountain (cf.

Exodus 19:12-13 and Judges 11:30-40). In America, we see remnants of the comedy of innocence in customs such as the 19th-century's hangman's black mask (to erase the executioner's identity) or the custom of granting the condemned prisoner's last request or final meal (to alleviate any sense of cruelty on Afrocentric America the jailer's part). (2) A specific myth told by later generations to erase or hide ancient evidence of what looks like the practice of human sacrifice in earlier times. For instance, a number of local Greek myths describe characters like Leucothea, Palaemon, and Glaucus; they fall or are thrown into the sea where they are magically transformed into ambitions personnel payslip, sea-gods. Afrocentric. Given the relative insignificance of Based and Time on Personal Essay, these gods in the Greek pantheon , it is likely this sort of Afrocentric and Prejudice Essay, tale either (a) developed out of local hero cults or (b) the tale alludes to an ancient or prehistoric belief that drowned sacrificial victims would live on as animistic spirits. Another common version of the A Study Based on Gender and Time Spent on Personal comedy of innocence is the motif of a human sacrificial victim (usually a child) who is miraculously saved ( deus ex machina ) and Essay an animal substituted in his or her place. For example, in some Greek myths, Iphigenia is replaced by a white hind before her father can sacrifice her to gain good winds for the Trojan voyage. Phrixus gets whisked to safety by robert a Golden Ram, which is then sacrificed in the young boy's place.

In the Hebrew Bible, Yahweh stops Abraham from killing Isaac, and he directs Abraham's attention to a ram with its horns caught in a thicket (Genesis 22:9-13). Afrocentric America And Prejudice Essay. Scholars of mythology often see the dozens of such tales appearing cross-culturally and interpret them as having their origins in the comedy of innocence. COMEDY OF MANNERS : A comic drama consisting of five or three acts in which the attitudes and customs of a society are critiqued and payslip satirized according to Essay, high standards of intellect and morality. The dialogue is usually clever and sophisticated, but often risqué . Characters are valued according to their linguistic and intellectual prowess. It is the opposite of the slapstick humor found in a farce or in a fabliau . COMIC OPERA : An outgrowth of the eighteenth-century ballad operas, in which new or original music is composed specially for the lyrics. (This contrasts with the ballad opera , in which the lyrics were set to pre-existing popular music.)

COMIC RELIEF : A humorous scene , incident, character , or bit of dialogue occurring after some serious, tragic, or frightening moment. Comic relief is deliberately designed to cormier biography, relieve emotional intensity and simultaneously heighten and highlight the Afrocentric and Prejudice seriousness or tragedy of the action. Macbeth contains Shakespeare's most famous example of comic relief in the form of central and peripheral system, a drunken porter. Another is just after the climactic scene in Dante's Inferno , in which Dante encounters Satan himself frozen in ice. The demon initially terrified Dante, but the narrator's fear falls way to the reader's laughter in a comic reversal in which Dante and Virgil climb down Satan's body and Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay move through the center of the punk rock earth's gravity, at which point Dante is confused by and Prejudice the way gravity reverses, looks upward, and finds himself directly staring at Satan's nether regions, writing, . . . I beheld him upward hold his legs. // And if I then become disguieted, / Let stolid people think who do not see / What the point is robert cormier, beyond which I had passed (34.90-93). COMING-OF-AGE STORY : A novel in which an adolescent protagonist comes to adulthood by a process of experience and disillusionment. This character loses his or her innocence, discovers that previous preconceptions are false, or has the security of childhood torn away, but usually matures and strengthens by this process.

Examples include Wieland's Agathon , Herman Raucher's Summer of '42 , Ray Bradbury's Dandelion Wine , Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man , and Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey . The most famous examples are in German. America And Prejudice Essay. In German, a tale in the genre is called a Bildungsroman or a Erziehungsroman . Examples include Goethe's Die Leiden des jungen Werthers and Thomas Mann's Königliche Hoheit . COMITATUS : (Latin: companionship or band): The term describes the tribal structure of the Anglo-Saxons and other Germanic tribes in which groups of men would swear fealty to a hlaford (lord) in exchange for food, mead, and heriot , the loan of fine armor and weaponry. The men who swore such an oath were called thegns (roughly akin to punk rock, modern Scottish thane), and they vowed to fight for their lord in battle. It was considered a shameful disaster to outlive one's own lord. The comitatus was the functional military and government unit of Essay, early Anglo-Saxon society. The term was first coined by A Study Based on Gender on Personal the classical historian Tacitus when he described the Germanic tribes north of Rome. COMMEDIA DELL'ARTE : A genre of Italian farce from the sixteenth-century characterized by stock characters , stock situations, and spontaneous dialogue. Typically, the plot is an intrigue plot and it involves a soubrette who aids two young lovers in foiling the rigid constraints of their parents. In many such plays, a character named Sganarelle is a primary figure in the work.

Often there is a zani , or foolish-servant, who provides physical comedy in contrast to the anguish of the young lovers. In the end, the couple achieves a happy marriage. Commedia dell'arte may have influenced Shakespeare's comedies, such as The Merry Wives of Windsor , and Moliere's plays, such as L'amour Medecin , commonly translated into English as Love is the Doctor . COMMON MEASURE : Also called common meter , common measure consists of closed poetic quatrains rhyming ABAB or ABCB , in which the lines of iambic tetrameter (eight syllables) alternate with lines of iambic trimeter (six syllables). This pattern is most often associated with ballads (see above), and it is occasionally referred to as ballad measure. Many of Emily Dickinson's poems are in loose common measure using slant rhyme , for and Prejudice Essay instance:

Much Madness is divinest Sense-- To a discerning Eye-- Much Sense--the starkest Madness-- 'Tis the Majority. A fun and simple test to recognize common measure in poetry is to take a stanza and try singing it aloud to a well-known tune written in common meter, such as Gilligan's Isle, Amazing Grace, or House of the Rising Sun. If the syllabification fits these familiar ditties, you are looking at a case of common measure. COMMONIZATION : The linguistic term for an eponym--a common word that is derived from the proper name of a person or place. For instance, the about sandwich gained its name from its inventor, the fourth Earl of Sandwich. The word lynch comes from and Prejudice Essay, Captain William Lynch, who led bands of vigilantes to poetry about, hang hoboes and bums residing near Pittsylvania County. The verb shanghai , meaning to kidnap or press into forced labor, comes from the practices of conscription common in the oriental city of Shanghai.

The word stentorian comes from the loud-mouthed Stentor in Greek legend, and herculean comes from the Afrocentric America Essay muscle-bound Hercules, and so on. COMPERT (plural: comperta ): Specifically, birth-tales in of fertilizers, Old Irish literature that detail the conception and and Prejudice birth of a hero. Examples include the Compert Con Culainn ( Birth of Cú Chulainn ). Usually supernatural or extraordinary events involve themselves in the conception, such as the Druid Cathbad's seduction of and Time Grooming Essay, Nessa after prophesying what the hour would be lucky for Afrocentric America Essay (begetting a king upon a queen!) or the visitation of a god like Lug to a woman who then becomes pregnant after the divine visitation. Personnel Payslip. The birth-tale in general is not limited to Old Irish Literature, but is found worldwide (Duffy 102-03). Examples outside of Irish literature include the birth of Jesus, or the Afrocentric Buddha, or Leda and Hercules in Greek myth, Pryderi's conception in the First Branch of The Mabinogion , or King Arthur's conception in Arthurian legends. COMPLETENESS : The second aspect of Aristotle's requirements for a tragedy. By completeness, Aristotle emphasizes the of fertilizers logic, wholeness, and closure necessary to satisfy the audience. COMPOSITE MONSTER (in architecture, often called a chimera after the America and Prejudice Greek monster): The term is one mythologists use to describe the fantastical creatures in Assyrian, Babylonian, Greek, and medieval European legends in which the beast is composed of the body-parts of various animals.

For instance, in Greek mythology, the chimera has the and peripheral nervous body of a lion, tale of America, a serpent, wings of a bat, and a goat-head, a lion-head, and a serpent's head. Likewise, the sphinx has a lion's body and a woman's head and breasts; the centaur has a horse's body and rock offshoot human torso and a human head where the horse-head should be; the minotaur has a bull's head and a man's body; and the harpy has an Afrocentric and Prejudice Essay, avian body and a woman's head, breasts, and arms. About Childhood. Earlier examples in Mesopotamian mythology include the America Essay ekimmu (a bloodsucking albino ghost with a bull's head) and the lamassu (a winged horse with a human head). Robert Biography. In the medieval period, composite monsters include the formecolion, with an Afrocentric and Prejudice, ant's body and a lion's head; the central system mermaid, with a human top and a fish bottom; and the cockatrice, which mingles parts of a rooster and a serpent. Contrast with additive monster , above. Composite monsters were common in the legends of classical and ancient cultures, but diminished in favor after the Renaissance. Many theories propose to Afrocentric America Essay, explain the common tendency to create composite monsters. Theories include mistranslation in personnel, traveler's tales, in which an animal is describing as having a head like such-and-such a creature, but the simile is lost in Afrocentric and Prejudice Essay, translation; the encounter of fossil remnants of ambitions personnel, extinct animals, or bones found jumbled together and misassembled; and the heraldic practice of dimidiation , in which a nobleman's son might take two animals found on his father's and mother's coats of arms combine them into a composite creature to illustrate his genealogy. An example in 20th century films includes The Fly . Afrocentric And Prejudice Essay. In this 1950s horror classic, a fly and a human trade bodies and heads.

Cf. therianthropic and theriomorphic . COMPOSITOR : A typesetter in a Renaissance print shop. Types. To speed the printing process, most of Shakespeare's plays appear to have been set by multiple compositors. As Greenblatt notes, Compositors frequently followed their own standards in spelling and punctuation. Afrocentric America And Prejudice Essay. They inevitably introduced some errors into the text, often by selecting the wrong piece from the payslip type case or by America Essay setting the Based and Time Spent on Personal Grooming correct letter upside-down (1141). COMPOUNDING : A term from linguistics used to describe the creation of a new word ( neologism ) that comes about by Afrocentric and Prejudice taking two existing words and sticking them together to create a brand new concept (Horobin 192). All languages do this to some extent. For instance, the word hydrogen comes from two Greek words meaning water and punk stuff.

However, Germanic languages and America Essay Germanic poetry (including derivatives like English) are particularly prone to creating new words this way. Thousands of English words result from two older words being compounded together, such as bathtub (bath + tub), eyesore (eye + sore); window (from two Old Norse words meaning wind and eye), and so on. However, poets regular invent neologisms by compounding to punk rock, create artificial words of America and Prejudice Essay, their own. Even Chaucer engaged in this trick, coining the word newfangled from the punk English new and the Middle French fanglere , meaning to make or to fashion. See neologism , blending , and kenning . COMPURGATION : In addition to trial by ordeal , compurgation was the medieval law practice among Christianized Anglo-Saxon tribes to determine innocence. A man accused of a crime would publicly swear to his innocence. The judge then gave the defendant thirty days to Afrocentric, to collect a number of oath-helpers who would also swear to his innocence (or at least his good character). If he was unable to find the required number, he was either found guilty or he could appeal to trial by ordeal. If the defendant had been caught in the act, or was considered untrustworthy, the procedure could be reversed, and the plaintiff would bring forth oath-helpers to prove his charge through similar compurgation.

CONCEIT (also called a metaphysical conceit) : An elaborate or unusual comparison--especially one using unlikely metaphors, simile, hyperbole, and contradiction. Before the types of fertilizers beginning of the seventeenth century, the term conceit was a synonym for thought and roughly equivalent to idea or concept. It gradually came to denote a fanciful idea or a particularly clever remark. In literary terms, the word denotes a fairly elaborate figure of speech, especially an Afrocentric America, extended comparison involving unlikely metaphors , similes , imagery , hyperbole , and oxymora . One of the most famous conceits is John Donne's A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, a poem in which Donne compares two souls in love to the points on a geometer's compass. Types. Shakespeare also uses conceits regularly in his poetry. In Richard II , Shakespeare compares two kings competing for power to and Prejudice, two buckets in a well, for instance. A conceit is usually classified as a subtype of metaphor . Contrast with epic simile and dyfalu . CONCRETE DICTION / CONCRETE IMAGERY : Language that describes qualities that can be perceived with the five senses as opposed to using abstract or generalized language. For instance, calling a fruit pleasant or good is abstract , while calling a fruit cool or sweet is concrete . Spent Essay. The preference for abstract or concrete imagery varies from Afrocentric and Prejudice, century to century.

Philip Sidney praised concrete imagery in poetry in his 1595 treatise, Apologie for Poetrie . Poetry About. A century later, Neoclassical thought tended to Afrocentric America Essay, value the generality of abstract thought. In the and peripheral nervous early 1800s, the Romantic poets like Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Shelley once again preferred concreteness. Afrocentric America. In the 20th century, the distinction between concrete and abstract has been a subject of types, some debate. Ezra Pound and Afrocentric T. E. Hulme attempted to types, create a theory of concrete poetry. T. S. Eliot added to Afrocentric, this school of thought with his theory of the objective correlative. Contrast with abstract diction / abstract imagery . CONCRETE POETRY : Poetry that draws much of cormier, its power from the America and Prejudice Essay way the ambitions text appears situated on the page. Afrocentric. The actual shape of the lines of robert cormier, text may create a swan's neck, an altar, a geometric pattern, or a set of wings, which in some direct way connects to the meaning of the words. Also called shaped poetry and visual poetry, concrete poetry should not be confused with concrete diction or concrete imagery (see above).

The object here is to present each poem as a different shape. It may appear on the page, on glass, stone, wood, or other materials. The technique seems simple, but can allow great subtlety. Afrocentric America And Prejudice Essay. Famous concrete poets include Apollinaire, Max Bill, Eugen Gomringer and the Brazilian Noigandres Group, which exhibited a collection of types of fertilizers, concrete art at Sào Paulo in 1956. In Germany, this school of poetry is called konkretisten by critics. It includes Ernst Jandl, Achleitner, Heissenbüttel, Mon, and Afrocentric Rühm. Since World War II, further experimentation in concrete poetry has taken place by system British poets, including Simon Cutts, Stuart Mills, and Ian Hamilton Finlay. See also diamante . CONFLATION : In its more restricted literary sense, a conflation is a version of a play or narrative that later editors create by America and Prejudice combining the text from more than one substantive edition. For example, Greenblatt notes that most versions of King Lear published since the 1700s are conflations of the Quarto and First Folio editions of the original Renaissance texts. CONFLICT : The opposition between two characters (such as a protagonist and robert cormier biography an antagonist), between two large groups of people, or between the protagonist and America Essay a larger problem such as forces of robert biography, nature, ideas, public mores, and so on. Conflict may also be completely internal, such as the protagonist struggling with his psychological tendencies (drug addiction, self-destructive behavior, and so on); William Faulkner famously claimed that the America and Prejudice Essay most important literature deals with the punk rock subject of the human heart in America and Prejudice, conflict with itself.

Conflict is the engine that drives a plot. Examples of narratives driven mainly by conflicts between the punk protagonist and nature include Jack London's To Build a Fire (in which the Californian struggles to save himself from freezing to death in Alaska) and Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay Stephen Crane's The Open Boat (in which shipwrecked men in central nervous system, a lifeboat struggle to stay alive and Afrocentric America get to shore). Examples of narratives driven by poetry about conflicts between a protagonist and Afrocentric America an antagonist include Mallory's Le Morte D'arthur , in which King Arthur faces off against his evil son Mordred, each representing civilization and barbarism respectively. Examples of narratives driven by internal struggles include Daniel Scott Keyes' Flowers for Algernon, in which the hero struggles with the poetry about childhood loss of Afrocentric Essay, his own intelligence to ambitions payslip, congenital mental retardation, and Edgar Allan Poe's The Tell-Tale Heart, in which the protagonist ends up struggling with his own guilt after committing a murder. In complex works of and Prejudice, literature, multiple conflicts may occur at once.

For instance, in Shakespeare's Othello , one level of conflict is the about unseen struggle between Othello and the machinations of Iago, who seeks to Afrocentric and Prejudice, destroy him. Another level of conflict is Othello's struggle with his own jealous insecurities and his suspicions that Desdemona is cheating on central and peripheral nervous him. CONFUCIAN CLASSICS : Five ancient Chinese writings commonly attributed to Confucius, though it is likely they are actually compilations of traditional material predating him. The five classics include the I Ching ( The Book of Changes ), the Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay Shu Ching ( The Book of History ), the Shih Ching , ( The Book of Odes ), the Record of Rites ( Li Chi ), and the Spring and Autumn Annals . To see where this material fits in an outline of Chinese history, click here. CONJUGATION : The inflection of a verb to show its person, number, mood, or tense. Here is a sample conjugation of the present tense indicative forms of to sing in English and types cantar in Spanish: CONNOTATION : The extra tinge or taint of meaning each word carries beyond the minimal, strict definition found in America and Prejudice, a dictionary.

For instance, the terms civil war , revolution and rebellion have the same denotation; they all refer to an attempt at social or political change. However, civil war carries historical connotations for Americans beyond that of revolution or rebellion . Likewise, revolution is often applied more generally to scientific or theoretical changes, and robert biography it does not necessarily connote violence. Rebellion , for many English speakers connotes an improper uprising against Afrocentric and Prejudice Essay a legitimate authority (thus we speak about rebellious teenagers rather than revolutionary teenagers). In the same way, the words house and home both refer to a domicile, but home connotes certain singular emotional qualities and personal possession in a way that house doesn't. I might own four houses I rent to others, but I might call none of these my home , for example. Much of Based on Gender and Time Spent Essay, poetry involves the poet using connotative diction that suggests meanings beyond what the words simply say. Contrast with denotation . CONSONANCE : A special type of alliteration in which the America repeated pattern of consonants is marked by changes in nervous system, the intervening vowels--i.e., the final consonants of the Afrocentric Essay stressed syllables match each other but the vowels differ. As M. H. Abrams illustrates in The Norton Anthology of English Literature , examples include linger , longer , and languor or rider , reader , raider , and ruder . A Study Based On Personal Grooming. Do not confuse consonance with a consonant (see below). See also assonance and sound symbolism . CONSONANT : A speech sound that is not a vowel. To download a PDF file listing consonants and their symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet, click here.

CONSUETUDINAL BE : Uninflected use of the verb be to indicate habitual or frequent action. This grammatical structure is characteristic of Black Vernacular . An example would be as follows: What you be doing on Thursdays? I be working every afternoon. Users of Afrocentric America and Prejudice, standard edited English typically frown on this grammatical formation. CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE : Literature written at punk rock, the present moment. Although the writers in every century would consider themselves contemporary or modern, when speakers use this term, they almost always mean either modernist or postmodernist literature. COTERIE WRITING : Writing intended originally for the amusement or edification of a small circle of America Essay, friends or family rather than for publication or public perusal. Often, however, such writings later become adopted or modified for publication. Sometimes, the author does this; in other cases, later editors do this posthumously. Famous examples include Mary Shelley originally created Frankenstein as part of a ghost-story contest amongst her friends and literary comrades. Aphra Behn originally wrote many of her poems as part of coterie writing, though most of her plays, her philosophical treatises, and Oronooko appear to have penned with a deliberate eye toward publication or financial gain.

CONTEXTUAL SYMBOL : A unique or original symbol an A Study and Time Spent Grooming Essay, author creates within the Afrocentric America Essay context of an central nervous, individual work or an America Essay, author's collected works. Examples include the Snopes family in Faulkner's collected works, who together function as a symbol of the South's moral decay, or the town of Castle Rock, Maine, which in and peripheral system, Stephen King's works functions as a microcosmic symbol of human society. And Prejudice. Contrast with cultural symbol , below. CONTRACTION : The squeezing together of sounds or words--especially when one word blurs into another--during fast or informal speech. Contractions such as I'm (I am), he's (he is), and they're (they are) are common in rock offshoot, verbal communication, but they are often considered too loose for more formal writing. CONTRAPASSIO (counter-suffering): A thematic principle involving situational irony in Afrocentric and Prejudice, which a punishment's nature corresponds exactly to the nature of a crime.

Much of Dante's Inferno revolves around elaborate contrapassio . CONTROL TEXT : A specific text upon which a modern edition is based. For instance, there are at robert cormier, least three dominant manuscript traditions of Langland's Piers Plowman poem: the A-text, the B-text, and the C-text (and possibly a Z-text, as recent scholarship has tentatively suggested). These versions contain different dialogue, different wording, and Afrocentric America Essay different spelling; they do not all contain the same passages and do not include identical storylines. A modern editor must either choose one to use as the basis of a modern edition, or she must create a conflation . Payslip. Several Shakespeare plays vary wildly between the quarto and Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay folio versions--including Hamlet and King Lear . A Study Grooming Essay. In other cases, such as Le Morte D'Arthur , a modern editor must choose between using a manuscript source for his control text (such as the Winchester Manuscript) or a printed source (such as Caxton's printed Renaissance edition). CONVENTION : A common feature that has become traditional or expected within a specific genre (category) of literature or film. In Harlequin romances, it is conventional to focus on America Essay a male and female character who struggle through misunderstandings and difficulties until they fall in love. In western films of the early twentieth-century, for instance, it has been conventional for protagonists to wear white hats and antagonists to wear black hats. The wandering knight-errant who travels from place to place, seeking adventure while suffering from the and peripheral system effects of hunger and the elements, is a convention in medieval romances.

It is a convention for an English sonnet to have fourteen lines with a specific rhyme scheme, abab , cdcd , efef , gg , and and Prejudice so on. About. The use of a chorus and the unities are dramatic conventions of Greek tragedy, while, the aside , and Afrocentric Essay the soliloquy are conventions in Elizabethan tragedy. Conventions are often referred to ambitions personnel payslip, as poetic, literary, or dramatic, depending upon whether the convention appears in a poem, short story or novel, or a play. CONVENTIONAL : A conventional linguistic trait is an arbitrary one learned from others, not one determined by some natural law or genetic inheritance. Today, most linguists think most vocabulary and America grammar are conventional, but some linguists in previous centuries believed ethnicity affected language development and acquisition. CORPUS CHRISTI PLAY : A religious play performed outdoors in the medieval period that enacts an event from the Bible, such as the robert biography story of Adam and Afrocentric America Essay Eve, Noah's flood, the crucifixion, and so on. The word is A Study on Gender and Time Spent Essay, derived from the religious festival of Corpus Christi (Latin: The Body of Christ).

See also cycle and mystery play . CORRESPONDENCES : An integral part of the medieval and Renaissance model of the universe known as the Chain of Being. The idea was that different links on Afrocentric America the Chain of Being were interconnected and had a sort of about, sympathetic correspondence to each other. Each type of being or object (men, beasts, celestial objects, fish, plants, and rocks) had a place within a hierarchy designed by God. Each type of Afrocentric Essay, object had a primate , which was by nature the most noble, rare, valuable, and superb example of its type. For instance, the king was primate among men, the lion among beasts, the sun among celestial objects, the punk rock whale among fish, the oak among trees, and and Prejudice Essay the diamond among rocks. Offshoot. Often, there was a symbolic link between primates of different orders--such as the lion being a symbol of royalty, or the king sleeping in Afrocentric, a bed of oak.

This symbolic link was a correspondence. However, correspondences were thought to exist in the material world as well as in the world of ideas. A Study Based On Gender And Time Spent Essay. Disturbances in nature would correspond to disturbances in the political realm (the body politic ), in the human body (the microcosm ), and in the natural world as a whole (the macrocosm ). For instance, if the king were to become ill, Elizabethans might expect lions and beasts to fall sick, rebellions to break out in the kingdom, individuals to Afrocentric America Essay, develop headaches or fevers, and stars to fall from the sky. All of these events could correspond to each other on the chain of being, and of fertilizers each would coincide with the others. Afrocentric And Prejudice. For more information about correspondences and the Chain of Being, click here. COSMIC IRONY : Another term for situational irony--especially situational irony connected to a fatalistic or pessimistic view of life. See discussion under irony , below. COTHURNI : The Greek word for personnel the elevator-shoes worn by important actors on stage. See discussion under buskins . COTTON LIBRARY, THE : One of the most important collections of Old and Middle English texts. Afrocentric America Essay. Click here for details.

COTTON NERO A.X : The Middle English manuscript that includes Pearl , Cleanness , Patience , Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , and the Legend of Saint Erkenwald . Click here for details. COTTON VITELLIUS A.XV : The Old English manuscript that includes The Passion of A Study on Gender and Time Spent on Personal Essay, Saint Christopher , The Wonders of the East , and The Letter of Alexander to Aristotle , Beowulf , and the Old English translation of Judith . And Prejudice Essay. Click here for details. COUNTING : A technique of determining stylistic qualities of a piece of writing by counting the A Study Based Spent Grooming numbers of words in paragraphs or sentences, and determining the average number of modifiers, average word lengths, and so on. COUPLET : Two lines--the second line immediately following the first--of the same metrical length that end in a rhyme to form a complete unit. Geoffrey Chaucer and other writers helped popularize the form in English poetry in the fourteenth century. An especially popular form in Afrocentric America and Prejudice, later years was the heroic couplet , which was rhymed iambic pentameter. It was popular from the 1600s through the late 1700s. Much Romantic poetry in robert cormier biography, the early 1800s used the couplet as well. America And Prejudice Essay. A couplet that occurs after the volta in an English sonnet is called a gemel (see sonnet, volta, gemel ). COURT OF LOV E : In medieval convention, a court of love is an assemblage of women presided over by a queen or noblewoman.

At this mock-court, various young knights or courtiers are summoned to court and put on trial by the ladies for their crimes against love. These crimes might be neglecting their sweethearts, failing to wear their ladies' tokens at jousts, and so on. Chaucer himself may have been summoned to and Time, a court of love for America and Prejudice Essay his libelous depiction of Criseyde in system, Troilus and Criseyde , and Queen Anne may have required him to write The Legend of Good Women as a penance for his literary crimes. America. In The Wife of Bath's Tale, we find an inversion of the childhood normal play-acting in Afrocentric America Essay, which King Arthur gives Gwenevere and personnel her ladies the right to try a rapist-knight for his crimes. Here, the women literally have power of life or death over the subject. Andreas Capellanus discusses the America Essay courts of love in his medieval writings, and more recent scholars such as C. Biography. S. Lewis ( The Allegory of America and Prejudice Essay, Love ) and Amy Kelly ( Eleanor of Aquitaine ) discuss the convention at length. Cf. demand d'amour . COURTLY LOVE (Medieval French: fin amour or amour courtois ): Possibly a cultural trope in the late twelfth-century, or possibly a literary convention that captured popular imagination, courtly love refers to a code of behavior that gave rise to modern ideas of chivalrous romance. Central And Peripheral. The term itself was popularized by C. S. Afrocentric. Lewis' and Gaston Paris' scholarly studies, but its historical existence remains contested in critical circles. The conventions of A Study and Time, courtly love are that a knight of noble blood would adore and worship a young noble-woman from afar, seeking to protect her honor and win her favor by valorous deeds. He typically falls ill with love-sickness, while the woman chastely or scornfully rejects or refuses his advances in public but privately encourages him.

Courtly love was associated with (A) nobility, since no peasants can engage in fine love; (B) secrecy; (C) adultery, since often the one or both participants were married to another noble who was unloved; and (D) paradoxically with chastity, since the passion should never be consummated due to social circumstances, thus it was a higher love unsullied by selfish carnal desires or political concerns of arranged marriages. In spite of this ideal of Afrocentric America, chastity, the knightly characters in literature usually end up giving in to their passions with tragic results--such as Lancelot and Based on Gender Spent Grooming Guenevere's fate, or that of Tristan and Iseult. We associate courtly love with French literature primarily, but the America Essay concept permeated German and Italian literature as well. The German equivalent of fin amour is Minne (hence Minnesänger ), and the Italian poets of the dolce stil nuovo cultivated similar subject matter. The convention of Based on Personal Essay, courtly love eventually becomes a source of parody.

Andreas Capellanus' Rules of Courtly Love provides a satirical guide to the endeavor, and Afrocentric America Essay Chretien de Troyes satirizes the childhood conventions in Afrocentric America Essay, his courtly literature as well. Similar conventions influence Petrarch's poetry and Shakespeare's sonnets. These sonnets often emphasize in of fertilizers, particular the idea of love from afar and Afrocentric and Prejudice Essay unrequited love, and punk rock make use of imagery and wording common to the earlier French tradition. In terms of whether or not practices of courtly love were a historical reality, scholars are loosely divided into schools of thought, as William Kibler notes. Essay. The first group, the so-called realists, argue that such institutions truly did exist in the Middle Ages and the literature of the time reproduces this realistically.

The opposing school, the so-called idealists, argue that (at best) courtly love was a court game taken ironically as a joke, or (at worst) post-Romantic/Victorian readers have superimposed their own ideals and wishes on medieval culture by exaggerating these components. CRADLE TRICK : A sub-category of the bed-trick , this is a folk motif in which the position of a cradle in a dark room leads one character to climb into bed with the wrong sexual partner. It appears prominently in Chaucer's The Reeve's Tale. In the Aarne-Thompson folk-index, this motif is usually numbered as motif no. 1363. CREEPYPASTA : A short story posted online designed to shock, frighten, or disconcert the reader. Childhood. For more discussion, see ghost story . CREOLE : A native language combining the traits of multiple languages, i.e., an advanced and fully developed pidgin.

In the and Prejudice Essay American South, black slaves were often brought in punk rock, from a variety of African tribes sharing no common language. America. On the plantation, they developed first a pidgin (limited and central nervous simplified) version of English with heavy Portuguese and African influences. This pidgin allowed slaves some rudimentary communication with each other and with their slave masters. America. In time, they lost their original African languages and A Study Based and Time Spent on Personal Essay the mixed speech became the native tongue of their children--a creole. Contrast with pidgin . CRESCENDO : Another term for rhetorical climax . See climax, rhetorical , above. CRISIS (plural: crises ): The turning point of uncertainty and tension resulting from earlier conflict in a plot. Afrocentric America And Prejudice Essay. At the moment of crisis in personnel, a story, it is unclear if the protagonist will succeed or fail in and Prejudice, his struggle. Poetry Childhood. The crisis usually leads to or overlaps with the climax of a story, though some critics use the Afrocentric and Prejudice two terms synonymously.

See climax, literary , above. CRITICAL READING : Careful analysis of an essay's structure and logic in order to determine the biography validity of an argument. Often this term is used synonymously with close reading (see above), but I prefer to reserve close reading for the artistic analysis of literature. Click here for more information about critical reading. Cf. close reading . CRITICUS APPARATUS : The scholarly notations in a critical edition (especially a variorum edition) in which the America editor indicates all the known variations of a particular text. The apparatus often appears running along the bottom of each page or sometimes in the back of the book, and often incorporates editorial footnotes and glosses. The apparatus can appear quite cryptic to A Study Based and Time on Personal Grooming, students unfamiliar with the formulaic abbreviations in America, scholarly use.

For instance, below is an illustrative notation from A. V. C. Rock. Schmidt's criticus apparatus for Passus I, line 1, of the Everyman edition of William Langland's Piers Plowman , page 14: Collation WHmCrGYOC2CLMHRF. RUBRIC Passus primus de visione Wr (pr] Secundus F; de v.] de petri le ploughman BR; om O); om GC2. This notation indicates subsequent lines are collated together in thirteen of the surviving manuscripts, each manuscript being indicated by a special abbreviation. Furthermore, the opening line in manuscripts W and r has a Latin title written in red ink (rubricated) as indicated, but another manuscript F has labeled it as secundus rather than primus, while the Afrocentric and Prejudice Essay B and R manuscripts label it in a combination of French and Latin, and so on. A good criticus apparatus helps document all this diversity by gathering it together, line-by-line, for A Study on Personal Grooming Essay convenient comparison at a glance, but the and Prejudice editor presumes the reader knows the central and peripheral system dense, standardized abbreviations involved in this notation. For a clearer, hypothetical example, let us imagine Edgar Allan Poe has a poem surviving in three slightly different forms.

The most widespread version Poe had published by Smith Publishing early in his career. Ten years later, Poe revised the poem for a new publisher, Baker Books, and they printed this revision a few years after Poe's death. And Prejudice. Last of all, a third unpolished version survives in Poe's own handwritten notes. Scholars discover this last manuscript version squirreled away in the Morgan Library in 2012. Modern editors would compile these three sources and select what they consider the best text. However, they must not ignore the alternative versions by robert cormier biography leaving them unnoted and unannotated; that would effectively erase them from history. Accordingly, the editors might add a criticus apparatus . Afrocentric America And Prejudice Essay. Here, they would note the relevant line number and indicate alternatives. The first version by Smith Books (abbreviated S) has the phrase Conqueror Worme appear in line six. The version by Baker Books (abbreviated B) has a slightly different archaic spelling Conqueror Wyrm in the same spot. Finally, Poe's own original handwritten rough draft of the types poem survives among his papers in the Morgan Library (abbreviated Ml).

This manuscript uses the Afrocentric America abbreviation Conqu. Personnel Payslip. Wm. scrawled in that line. Now, a modern scholar wants to publish an authoritative version of Poe's poem a century later. This modern editor chooses to emend the line to a standardized spelling of Conqueror Worm. The criticus apparatus at the bottom of the page might consist of a footnote such as this: 6 Conqeror Worm ] S: Conqueror Worme ; B: Conqueror Wyrm , Ml: Conqu. Wm . The 6 indicates line six as the section with variant readings. The words before the bracket ] show readers that the editor considers the preceding version the best text for a modern reader--or at least the version the editor has chosen for his edition. The material after the bracket lists each variant source and indicates how the differing material appeared in Afrocentric and Prejudice Essay, that source as exactly as possible. A criticus apparatus documents the punk known variations that might plausibly be accurate and reminds modern readers of the multiple possible versions an earlier audience might have experienced. This process is especially pertinent in classical and medieval studies, since in the pre-print era, handwritten texts often exhibited striking and even contradictory variant readings.

For instance, in the case of The Aeneid , about 3,000 texts survive with each manuscript containing significant variations. Afrocentric And Prejudice Essay. In the case of Chaucer, about about, 82 versions of the Canterbury Tales survive, all with variant readings. Afrocentric America And Prejudice. In the on Gender Grooming Essay case of Shakespeare, striking differences appear in the F (folio) and Q1, Q2, Q3 (first, second, and third quarto) versions of his plays, and so on. CROSSED RHYME : In long couplets, especially hexameter lines, sufficient room in the line allows a poet to use rhymes in the middle of the line as well as at the end of each line. Swinburne's Hymn to America, Proserpine illustrates its use: Thou hast conquered, O pale Galilean ; the world has grown grey from Thy breath ; We have drunken of about, things Lethean , and fed on and Prejudice Essay the fullness of death . Laurel is green for a season , and love is sweet for a day ; But love grows bitter with treason , and laurel outlives not May . In the of fertilizers excerpt above, the words in red are part of crossed rhyme, and the words in green are regular rhyme. Crossed rhyme is also called interlaced rhyme . Contrast with internal rhyme and leonine rhyme . CROWN OF SONNETS : According to Shipley (142), an interlinked poem or cycle of seven sonnets in which the last line of each of the first six serves as the Afrocentric and Prejudice last line of the types next, and the last line of the Afrocentric Essay seventh sonnet serves as the first line of the first sonnet.

All other rhymes are used once only in about childhood, the collection of the entire seven sonnets. An English example would be Donne's La Corona, though the America Essay structure is much more common in rock, Italian poetry. A more complicated alternative structure is the so-called heroic crown of sonnets (alias the sonnet redoublé ), which is America and Prejudice, similar in punk rock offshoot, structure but consists of 15 rather than 7 sonnets in total, but which follows the same rules for rhyme repetitions (Shipley 530). CTHULHU MYTHOS (also spelled Cthulu and Kutulu , pronounced various ways): Strongly influential in pulp science fiction and early twentieth-century horror stories , the Cthulhu mythos revolves around a pantheon of malign alien beings worshipped as gods by half-breed cultists. America And Prejudice. These aliens were invented and personnel popularized by pulp fiction horror writer H. P. Lovecraft. Afrocentric America. The name Cthulhu comes from Lovecraft's 1928 short story, The Call of poetry about childhood, Cthulhu, which introduces the creature Cthulhu as a gigantic, bat-winged, tentacled, green monstrosity who once ruled planet earth in prehistoric times. Currently in Afrocentric and Prejudice Essay, a death-like state of payslip, hibernation, it now awaits an opportunity to rise from the underwater city of R'lyeh and Afrocentric and Prejudice plunge the earth once more into darkness and of fertilizers terror. August Derleth later coined the Afrocentric term Cthulhu mythos to describe collectively the types of fertilizers settings, themes, and alien beings first imagined by Lovecraft but later adapted by pulp fiction authors like Clark Ashton Smith, Robert E. Howard, Robert Bloch, Henry Kuttner, and Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay Brian Lumley. Some common elements, motifs, and characters of the mythos include the following: CULTURAL SYMBOL: A symbol widely or generally accepted as meaning something specific within an central and peripheral nervous system, entire culture or social group, as opposed to America and Prejudice, a contextual symbol created by a single author that has meaning only within a single work or group of works.

Examples of cultural symbols in central system, Western culture include the cross as a symbol of Christianity, the American flag as a symbol of America's colonial history of thirteen colonies growing into fifty states, the gold ring as a symbol of Afrocentric America Essay, marital commitment, the Caduceus as a symbol of medicine, and about the color black as a symbol of mourning. Afrocentric America Essay. Examples of personnel, cultural symbols in other cultures include white as a symbol of mourning in Japan, the Yin-Yang sphere as an oriental symbol of America and Prejudice, oppositional forces in balance, the white crane as a symbol of longevity in Mandarin China, and so forth. Any writer in a specific culture could use one of these symbols and be relatively confident that the offshoot reader would understand what each symbol represented. Thus, if a writer depicted a pedophilic priest as trampling a crucifix into the mud, it is likely the reader would understand this action represents the way the priest tramples Christian ideals, and so forth. America And Prejudice Essay. Contrast with contextual symbol and archetype . CYBERPUNK MOVEMENT : (1) A loose school of science fiction authors including William Gibson, Bruce Stirling, Rudy Rucker, and types of fertilizers Neal Stephenson who rose in popularity in the 1980s and 1990s. (2) A science fiction subgenre that shares the Afrocentric America Essay concerns and features of those works produced by the cyberpunk school. Features of their novels and short stories in this period include the personnel following motifs: Common themes include the dehumanization, commodification, and mechanization of the individual; the Afrocentric America and Prejudice negative effects of commercialization upon society; and implicit philosophical questions regarding consciousness and sensory reality. These cyberpunk authors have been profoundly influential in late twentieth-century science fiction films (such as Strange Days , Robocop , etc.) and Japanese anime , where cyberpunk elements have become so common as to be almost cliché . The metaverse or the Net imagined by ambitions personnel payslip these early authors in the 1980s have been seen as prophetic of the later real-world rise of the internet after 1993. Examples of novels, anthologies, short stories, and other literary works from the America Essay cyberpunk movement include Neuromancer , Mona Lisa Overdrive , Islands in the Net , and Johnny Mnemonic. Robert. (The last of America Essay, these has been adapted into an awful film that bears little similarity to the original short story.) More recently, Neal Stephenson's Snow Crash has put a more satirical spin on the genre . CYCLE : In general use, a literary cycle is any group of closely related works. We speak of the Scandinavian, Arthurian , and Charlemagne cycles, for instance.

These refer collectively to many poems and stories written by various artists over and peripheral nervous, several centuries. These cycles all deal with Scandinavian heros, King Arthur and his knights, or the legends of King Charlemagne respectively. Afrocentric Essay. More specifically, a mystery cycle refers to central nervous system, the complete set of mystery plays performed during the Corpus Christi festival in medieval religious drama (typically 45 or so plays, each of which depicted a specific event in biblical history from the creation of the world to the last judgment). The major English cycles of mystery plays include the York, Coventry, Wakefield or Towneley, and Chester cycles. Afrocentric America Essay. See Corpus Christi play , above. See also sonnet cycle . CYHYDEDD HIR : A syllabic verse form in ancient Welsh poetry. The octave stanza consists two quatrains of robert cormier, four lines with five, five, five, and four syllables respectively. Afrocentric America And Prejudice. The rhyme scheme is AAAx AAAx , with X's indicating unrhymed lines.

See octave and rhyme . CYHYDEDD NAW BAN : A syllabic verse form in ancient Welsh poetry in which some lines are composed of nine syllables. The rhyming couplets, when they appear, must rhyme with another line of punk, identical length. CYNGHANEDD (pronounced kun HAN neth , lit. Welsh for symphony or harmony): A Welsh term that loosely denotes sound similarities peculiar to Welsh poetry, especially alliteration and internal rhyme . Typically, the consonants in one word or line repeat in the same pattern at Afrocentric America, the beginning and end of the next word or line--but the vowel sounds between the rock offshoot consonants change slightly. Afrocentric And Prejudice. In the English tradition of poetry, Gerard Manley Hopkins charmingly refers to such devices as chimes , and he makes much use of them in his works such as Spring and Fall. Robert Cormier Biography. See also awdl and englyn . For an example of cynghanedd in English, click here. CYNING : A king, another term for an Anglo-Saxon hlaford . Not to be confused with kenning , an Anglo-Saxon poetic device. CYRCH A CHWTA : A Welsh verse form consisting of an octave stanza of six rhyming or alliterating seven-syllable lines plus a couplet. The second line of the couplet rhymes with the Afrocentric America Essay first six lines. The first line of the couplet cross-rhymes in the third, fourth, or fifth syllable of the eighth line. CYRILLIC : Also called, azbuka , the alphabet used to write Russian, Serbian, and Bulgarian.

The name comes from the 9th-century Greek missionary Saint Cyril, who traveled from Byzantium to convert Slavic races of about, Moravia to Christianity. Folklore credits Cyril at the inventor of this script, though it is more likely he invented the Glaglotic , what Harkins refers to as an abtruse alphabet of obscure origin, which soon lost favor (5). Cyrillic, modeled largely on the Greek alphabet, rose to America and Prejudice Essay, replace Glaglotic, though Cyril retained credit. The alphabet came to Russia later after its Christianization in 988 or 989. About Childhood. Modern Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Bulgarian, and America and Prejudice Serbian alphabets were later offshoots of Cyrillic. Peter the Great simplified the alphabet in 1708, so the lettering required less ornate design, and later modifiers removed four characters as redundant in 1918. The present alphabet consists of thirty letters, mostly phonetic, though it does not show the cormier stress of syllables (5). CYWYDD (plural, cywyddau) : A fourteenth-century metrical form of Welsh lyric poetry consisting of rhyming couplets with each line having seven syllables.

Traditionally, in Afrocentric America Essay, each couplet, the lines end with alternately stressed and unstressed meter. In terms of content, cywyddau traditionally include examples of dyfalu --strings of unusual comparisons similar to ambitions, metaphysical conceits. Afrocentric And Prejudice. The genre is associated with the poet Dafydd ap Gwilym. CYWDD DEUAIR HIRION : In Welsh prosody, the term refers to a form of light verse consisting of a single couplet with seventeen syllables. The first line has a masculine ending and and peripheral system the last line a feminine ending. CYWYDD LLOSGYRNOG : A type of America Essay, Welsh verse consisting of a sestet stanza in which the syllable count is eight, eight, seven, eight, eight, and seven respectively. The first two lines rhyme and cross-rhyme with the middle syllable of the sixth line and the third and sixth lines rhyme with each other.

Rime coueé or tail-rhyme has a similar scheme.

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Self-Efficacy: An Essential Motive To Learn. This study Compare and contrast the perspectives on learning presented by Zimmerman (2000), Wenger (2000) and Engestrm (2001). Afrocentric America Essay? It provides conclusion that can be drawn from these learning theories and they how these influence human resources development. The study also investigates the punk different styles of continuous learning system and different approaches of adopting them. Afrocentric And Prejudice Essay? Authors Wenger (2000), Zimmerman (2000), and Engestrom (2001) present the relation between social learning system, self- efficacy of employees and expensive learning at cormier, work. It also shows that the success of organization depends upon two significant factors first how they design it and second how they acclimates the continuous learning processes into their routine. Etienne Wenger highlighted different methodologies of social learning system in Afrocentric Essay, an organization. Zimmerman deliberated the significance of self- efficacy and how it helps in motivating the employees in about childhood, order to achieve their desired goals.

Yrjo Engestrom suggested that learning models are used in order to evaluate the value of Afrocentric America and Prejudice Essay expensive learning at work place. Learning fosters creativity and innovative ideas and improves the old conventional approaches by adopting the continuous learning system for achieving the punk desired goals. In all these articles, authors mainly concentrated on three areas and how they are related to each other Role of Essay Self-Efficacy among employees, Communities of practice and social learning system, and robert Theoretical models of Expensive learning. Author's prime focus is to describe the importance of continuous learning system and benefits of employee's development. 3.Self-Efficacy: An Essential Motive to Learn. According to author Zimmerman Self Efficacy helps the students to motivate and take up new challenges in life by constant learning.

Self-Efficacy is different from several motivational concepts such as outcome expectations, self-concept and locus of control. It helps students to participate in their own choice of activities. Student with self-efficacy are more emotionally stable and can face and better handle any difficult situation in America and Prejudice Essay, their life as compared to the students without self-efficacy. Punk Rock? Self-efficacy helps student in accomplishing goals and their desired targets by providing ways of superior performance. Zimmerman further added that student's self-belief about their academic capabilities play a vital role in motivating them to achieve the America and Prejudice desired goals. Zimmerman used references from different authors to explain the concept of self-efficacy. Bandura (1977, 1987) described self-efficacy as individual capabilities to achieve the outcome or desired goals on robert the basis of his own personal judgment.

Moreover Self-efficacy also enables students to America and Prejudice control their own learning activity. He also discussed human motivation in terms of A Study Spent on Personal Grooming Essay outcome expectations. Author analyses that self-efficacy and outcome expectation both helps to motivate but self-efficacy plays significant role in the human motivation as compared to the outcome expectation as the type of outcome people anticipated depends on their judgment on how well they will be able to perform in any situation. Afrocentric America And Prejudice Essay? He further described that Self-efficacy is personal judgment of ones own capabilities to execute task in order to accomplish desired goals. The level of Self-efficacy depends upon the difficulty of task. Strength of self-efficacy depends upon types of fertilizers, the amount of ones certainty about performing a given task. Afrocentric? Zimmerman also specified that self-efficacy focus on individual performance capabilities rather than focusing on the individual qualities. Self-efficacy beliefs are not single character but are multidimensional. Shell, Marphy, and payslip Burning (1989) described self-efficacy as individual capabilities to perform any task or activity like reading or writing activities depending upon Afrocentric America Essay, his social hobbies, family life, educational background and cultural diversity. He considered these elements as founding structure for accomplish any specific task. A Study Based On Gender And Time Spent Essay? This supports Bandura theory that Self-efficacy plays vital role than outcome expectation in motivation.

Smith theory (1989) theory proposed that self-efficacy helps in reducing the stress and anxiety in students thereby improves the academic performance unlike the locus of control. 3.1Role of Self Efficacy in Afrocentric America Essay, academic motivation. Zimmerman indicated that self ' efficacy play a important role for academic motivation as it helps students to Based Spent Grooming participate in their choice of activities, enhances effort level, and personal achievement. Zimmerman take references from Essay, different theories to support the relationship between self- efficacy and academic motivation. Bandura (1997) stated that students with self-efficacy can participate more readily, works harder, persists longer and are more emotionally stable as compared to students without self-efficacy. They have fewer emotional reactions when they face difficult situations. Of Fertilizers? They can handle difficult tasks more easily. Schunk(1981) revealed that students with self efficacy have higher choice of arithmetic activity. Zimmerman and Kitsantas (1997; 1999) added that self-efficacy is Afrocentric Essay highly correlated with students' inherent interest.

Self-efficacy beliefs comprises of A Study Based on Personal Grooming students effort of rate of performance and expenditure of energy. Salmon (1984) revealed that self-efficacy is Afrocentric Essay directly proportional to student's intellectual efforts. It helps students to achieve the desired goals which is apparent difficult for students without self-efficacy. He further added that self-efficacy provides different approaches of of fertilizers learning and helps in motivate. 3.2 Self-Efficacy and self-regulation of learning. Self-efficacy beliefs also helps student to control and regulate their own activities by introducing certain self monitoring activities like goal setting, self-monitoring, and self-evaluation. Students take roles depending upon their self-judgment. Students with self-efficacy beliefs can monitoring their activities well and are better at solving conceptual problems as compared to one without self-efficacy belief in spite of having same abilities.

Author further categorizes self-efficacy into four types of experience: enactive attainment, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. Enactive experiences are the most important source of efficacy belief because they are based on the outcomes of personal experiences. Vicarious experiences depend on an observer's self-comparison. Verbal persuasion experience depends on the credibility of the persuader and has less impact on self-efficacy. Students made their self-judgments on the basis of physiological reactions, such as fatigue, stress, and Afrocentric Essay other emotions. 4. Communities of Practice and Social Learning Systems. Wenger (2000) stated that success of any organization depends on how they design and adopt the social learning system in their daily routine. Robert Cormier? He proposes three 'modes of belonging' by Afrocentric America, which an organization participates in social learning systems. A Study Based On Gender On Personal Grooming Essay? Then he further introduced key elements of Social learning system: communities of and Prejudice Essay practice, boundary processes among these com- munities, and employee's identities. According to Wenger, personal experience and individual competency helps an individual to align with organization-desired goals.

4.1 Communities of Practice. Wenger defines communities of practice as the basic building blocks of a social learning. Communities of practice are based on fundamentals of social learning and stress on shared cultural values and norms, background history, and social environment of the organization. Wenger (1998) defines the communities of practices by combing the following three dimensions: Engagement, Imagination and Alignment. 1. Engagement: The ways of how an ambitions personnel individual get along with one another and with the world gives ones own identity.

It helps in gaining and learning new opportunities and how gives an idea of how other respond to our actions. 2. Imagination: Constructing self Image helps in interpreting self-participation in the social world. 3. Alignment: local activities are aligned with other processes so that they can be effective beyond ones own engagement. Furthermore Wenger (1998) defines the communities of and Prejudice practices by combing the three dimensions: 1. Joint enterprise- the level of learning energy. 2. Mutuality- the depth of social capital. 3. Shared Repertoire- the and peripheral nervous system degree of self-awareness. All above three elements work together in social learning system. Engestrom (2002) and Zimmerman (2000) discussed that individual background history, academic profile, and life style have high impact on Afrocentric and Prejudice the culture of organization. 4.2 Boundary of community of Practice.

Coordination, transparency and negotiability are the key elements for any boundary. The boundary of community of practice is directly linked with the social learning system in the organization. A Study On Personal? It provides different kinds of and Prejudice Essay learning opportunities for their communities. Boundary of community of practice helps the communities in gaining and sharing knowledge and utilizing it within the organizational boundary and ambitions personnel helps in connecting to the other communities as well. It also promotes the innovation. Boundaries are important to Afrocentric America Essay learning systems for two reasons. Central Nervous? They connect communities and they offer learning opportunities. 4.3 Employees Identities. Employees Identity is crucial to social learning systems mainly for three reasons. Firstly Individual competency and personal experience both helps communities in gaining and America and Prejudice Essay sharing knowledge and punk develop trust between employees.

It help in gaining learning opportunity thereby enhances social interaction and shows path of getting along with each other. Not but the least Employee identities give new approaches and promote innovative thinking in organization. Employees foster and play a very vital part in the social learning in the organization, which in turn helps organization to America and Prejudice develop new approaches of fitting in an environment. Engestrom (2001) focused on multifaceted relation between the individual entity and their community. He also highlighted that expensive learning promotes innovative thinking in an organization. 5. Expansive Learning at Work: toward an activity theoretical reconceptualization.

Engestrom (2001) explained the expensive learning at childhood, work with the help of Cultural-historical activity theory. He further examined the America Essay theory by proposing four questions: Subjects of Learning, Reason of and peripheral system Learning, Content of Learning, and Approaches of Learning. Engestrom also summarized theory of activity with the help of five principles: unit of analysis, multi-voicedness of activity, historicity of activity, contradictions, and expansive cycles. The first principle relates the activity theory as a key element of analysis; second principle is multi- voicedness that relies on multiple views of community. Third principle states that every activity system change and shape there proper image over the period of time. The fourth principle highlights the contradiction view and defines development and change within the activity system occurs due to and Prejudice Essay contraction and defines it as driving force of change. The fifth principle announces the probability of expansive transformations in activity systems. Bateson distinguished between three levels of learning.

Level one of learning stresses on central and peripheral nervous system classroom training. Afrocentric America And Prejudice Essay? Level two emphasizes on hidden curriculum in the classroom training that helps participants to think out of box by gaining and sharing the knowledge with each other. Last level of learning focuses on collective efforts of participants and poetry about childhood it help individuals to learn from different work activities. Level two emphasizes on hidden curriculum in the classroom training that helps participants to think out of box by gaining and sharing the knowledge with each other. Last level of learning focuses on collective efforts of participants and it help individuals to learn from different work activities. Each article gives the different perspectives of learning and provides the capability of thinking different thereby fosters innovative thinking in Afrocentric and Prejudice Essay, the organization. These theories provide the importance of social learning system, motivation, and system self- efficacy in any organizational processes and introduce new ways of adopting it into their daily routines. They enhance the competencies to adopt and Afrocentric America and Prejudice survive the transformational change and punk enhance the individual skills by gaining and sharing knowledge.

All authors Wenger, Zimmerman and Engestrom discussed the different perspectives and different approaches to analyze effective learning in an organization. They mentioned that organization could be successful when they adopt continuous learning approach in their system. 1. Engestrom, Y. (2001), Expansive Learning at work: toward an activity theoretical reconceptualization. Journal of America Essay education and poetry work, 14(1), 135-155. 2. Wenger, E. (2000), Communities of practice and social learning systems. Organization Articles, 7(2): 225-246. 3. Zimmerman, B.J. (2000) Self Efficacy: An Essential to learn.

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