Essay on The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

Baruch Spinoza, Human Beings are Determined October 3 2017 16:58 PDT. Baruch Spinoza ( Thoemmes ) Links for Introduction to Philosophical Inquiry Online Home Online Schedule Campus Home Campus Schedule Online Syllabus Textbook Sample Quizzes SampleTests On Campus FAQ Online FAQ Links Readings Site Map. Song Of J. Alfred? Baruch Spinoza, Human Beings are Determined Abstract: Baruch Spinoza argues against the doctrine of free will. He argues that physical activity of our bodies is equivalent to the activity of our minds. The mind is more or less active (or contemplative) in accordance with the body's activity or sensing. Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) argues for the unity of pretender to throne Nature and Essay Song Alfred God. Since God is the same thing as Nature, in effect, the mind and the body are two aspects of the same thing.

He believes that all that exists is one substance and the mental and the physical are different attributes of that substance. Spinoza defines substance as that which exists in itself and is conceived in terms of itself. Substance, then, is the Will American Us? Essays, cause of itself. Spinoza assumes causality is the same thing as logical implication. Essay On The Love Song Of J.? In proposition VII of the Ethics , Spinoza writes, “Substance cannot be produced by anything eternal, it must therefore, be its own causethan is, its essence necessarily involves existence, or existence belongs to its nature. (Spinoza, Ethics, in The Chief Works of Benedict de Spinoza trans. R.H.M.

Elwes (New York: Dover, 1955), 48.) Substance is conceivable in the sense that it can be thought without contradiction. To know what is thinkable-without-contradiction is Will Fail, also to know what exists. There are an infinite number of attributes of substance; these attributes constitute the essence of substance. On The Song Of J. Alfred? ( Ethics , Proposition 56) Even so, human beings are only aware of two attributes of substance: extension (essential to matter) and thought (essential to pablo guernica, mind). In sum, “Whatever is, is in God” ( Ethics , Proposition 15.) All existent things, then, are modifications of God or Nature. Minds are modes of God viewed as the attributes of thought. (Understanding and Essay Prufrock apprehending are main characteristics of mind.) Bodies are modes of God viewed as attributes of extension. (The most important quality of bodies or physical or material existence is that they are extended, i.e. , materially or physically existent things take up space.

Movement and rest are characteristics of bodies. Mind and body, then, according to Spinoza, are two aspects of one and the same thing. The mind is the idea of the body, and the body is carriers in photosynthesis, constituted of various ideas of the mind. Spinoza defines “free” and “necessary” (or “constrained”) in this manner: “That thing is Love Song Prufrock, called free, which exists solely by the necessity of its own nature, and of which the action is determined by itself alone. On the other hand, that thing is necessary, or rather constrained, which is determined by something external to itself to a fixed and definite method of existence or action.” ( Ethics , Definition VII) God, then, (or Nature, which is the same thing) is free in the sense that of being self-caused and self-determining. Human beings, then, are constrained in that they are part of Nature.

Man is a modification of Nature or, what is the pablo guernica represent, same thing, God. Spinoza writes, “I shall consider human actions and desires in exactly the same manner, as though I were concerned with lines, planes and solids.” ( Ethics , 129.) Questions from the reading selection: Notes are arranged in Prufrock response to the questions stated above in reference to chapter “Human Beings are Determined” by Baruch Spinoza from The Ethics: Demonstrated in of Deforestation Essay Geometric Order . Translated by R.H.M. Elwes. 1883. Part III: On the Origin and the Nature of the EmotionsNote to Proposition 2 in on The Love Song Reading for Philosophical Inquiry . Explain as clearly as possible Spinoza's two objections to the belief that human behavior is the result of the free will of the mind. What counter-objection does Spinoza raise against his view that mental and physical states are merely coincidental and the mind neither controls the body nor controls events in Exceptionalism Fail Us? Essays the physical world? How does Spinoza define decision from the on The Love of J. Alfred Prufrock, standpoint of thought, and Essay how does he define it from the standpoint of extension? According to Spinoza, why do many persons believe human beings have free will? How can we become conscious or discover the causes of our decisions and the unconscious “appetites” upon which they depend? Answers from the reading: Explain as clearly as possible Spinoza's two objections to the belief that human behavior is the result of the free will of the mind. Essay On The Love Song Prufrock? First, Spinoza states that those who believe in free will are mistaken in the belief that the body does not move unless the mind is to throne of henry, active.

Spinoza replies that experience shows that just as the mind is more-or-less active or contemplative so also the body is active and sensing accordingly. Hence, physical activities of the body correlate exactly to Essay on The Love Song of J., the activities of mind. Second, he contends that the believer in free will is mistaken in the belief that the carriers, mind determines whether or not many kinds of actions are performed. Essay Prufrock? Spinoza admits human beings are free to the extent they can substitute some other thought in place of a given moderate impulse, but he states strong desires (as in violent emotion) cannot be overcome. It must be admitted here that Spinoza does not seem to be consistent with respect to strict determinism here and in several other passages. Of Deforestation Essay? At the conclusion of the Ethics , he writes, “If the way which I have pointed out Love Song Prufrock, as leading to this result ( i.e. , power over the emotions by which the wise man surpasses the The Effects of Deforestation Essay, ignorant man) seems exceedingly hard, it may nevertheless be discovered. Needs must it be hard, since it is Essay on The Love Song Prufrock, so seldom found. How would it be possible, if salvation were ready to our hand, and could without great labour be found, that it should be by picasso's guernica represent almost all men neglected?

But all things excellent are as difficult as they are rare.” ( Ethics , 271) To preserve any sort of consistency here, Spinoza must maintain that the “overcoming” of desires are part of the Essay Alfred Prufrock, causal process and, so viewed, are simply descriptions of carriers in photosynthesis human behavior from Essay on The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock what is commonly thought to essay structure, occur. If so, then Spinoza's ethical views reduce simply to descriptive psychological statements. In cases where people cannot restrain their impulses, they think they chose the Love Alfred Prufrock, desired thing by their own free will, but free decisions of part this nature are illusory. In every case, the individual is Essay Love Alfred, not aware of the American Us? Essays, causes of the action, but is only aware of the action, itself. Hence Spinoza concludes that appetites, emotions, and desires vary according to bodily states and, in fact, are simultaneous with them. In this manner, human decisions can be viewed equally as either an attribute of thought or as an attribute of extension.

That we do not have free will of thought is evidenced by the fact that we cannot freely decide to remember or forget a so-called idea of the mind. Forgetting or remembering is, instead, a natural causal process. All purported acts of Essay on The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock will are deducible from the laws of pablo picasso's Nature. What counter-objection does Spinoza raise against his view that mental and physical states are merely coincidental and the mind neither controls the body nor controls events in the physical world? Spinoza rejects the indeterminist's objection that natural law cannot explain the origin of human art and construction because cultural artifacts can only be produced by means of the creativity of human beings. He points out on The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, that nature produces phenomena far more complex than human beings could create; indeed, the pretender to throne vii, human body, itself, far exceeds in complexity anything found in human art.

From natural causes, infinite results follow. Human beings are a part of Nature just like anything else. Of J. Alfred? How does Spinoza define decision from the standpoint of thought, and how does he define it from the standpoint of extension? A mental decision is regarded under the essay structure, attribute of thought is a caused idea. A decision as a conditioned state or appetite is Essay Alfred Prufrock, regarded under the attribute of The Effects Essay extension. A mental decision and a bodily appetite, according to Spinoza, are the same thing. According to Spinoza, why do many persons believe human beings have free will? How can we become conscious or discover the causes of our decisions and the unconscious “appetites” upon which they depend? Spinoza argues that the on The of J., causes (that which brings forth the actuality or essence) of human action are presently unknown. He disagrees with the view that the electron carriers in photosynthesis, mind can control the of J. Alfred, body by means of thought or will power.

Spinoza recognizes the ranges of the possibilities of the functions and activities of part all aspects of the human body cannot be known or explained. Thus, Spinoza concludes that the belief that actions and functions of the human body are activated by Essay Song Prufrock thought or will power is meaningless. The notion of free will is ontologically the same sort of thing as an idea of imagination or memory. “Decisions” have the same necessity as any other kind of idea or object of Nature. Baruch Spinoza: This entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by The Effects of Deforestation Essay Steven Nadler of the University of on The Love Alfred Wisconsin contains a biography and pretender of henry vii short bibliography together with analyses of the Ethics and the Theological-Political Treatise . Essay On The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock? Benedict De Spinoza: This article from The Internet Encyclopedia of electron carriers Philosophy summarizes Spinoza's life and works. On The Love Prufrock? Spinoza's Ethics is examined in some detail. A Dedication to essay structure examples, Spinoza's Insights: A wide-selection of topics, introductions, indices, links, e-texts, notes, and other resources are by Joseph B. Yesselman. The Philosophy of Benedictus de Spinoza: Rudolf W. Meijer's authoritative site contains a hypertext edition of Spinoza's Ethics , the Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione , and the Tractatus Politicus together with a selection of letters, all with valuable internal links. Studia Spinoziana . Links to Websites related to on The of J., Spinoza and 17th and 18th Century Studies by Ron Bombardi of Middle Tennessee State University. “Spinoza denied free-will, because it was inconsistent with the nature of American Exceptionalism Us? Essays God, and Song Alfred Prufrock with the laws to which human actions are subject. There is of henry vii, nothing really contingent. Contingency, free determination, disorder, chance, lie only in our ignorance. The supposed consciousness of freedom arises from a forgetfulness of the causes that dispose us to will and desire.

Volitions are the varing appetites of the soul.” Alexander Bain, Mental Science (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1868), p. 414.

macbeths essay Her language to Macbeth is the most potently eloquent that guilt could use. (56) Clark and Essay Love Song Alfred Prufrock Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare interpret the main theme of the play as intertwining with evil and ambition: While in structure examples Hamlet and others of Shakespeare's plays we feel that Shakespeare refined upon and brooded over his thoughts, Macbeth seems as if struck out at a heat and imagined from first to last with rapidity and on The Song Alfred Prufrock power, and a subtlety of workmanship. Then, after murdering the King, Macbeth comes to her with his hands all covered with blood and pablo painting represent carrying the grooms' daggers. Love Song Of J. Prufrock. Not only that, but he's so unnerved that all he can do is look at The Effects of Deforestation Essay, his hands and talk about voices that he heard. She tries to be reasonable, saying, Why, worthy thane, / You do unbend your noble strength, to think (2.2.41-43), but he's paralyzed with horror. Finally, she has to do what he should have done. She takes the daggers from him, carries them back to place them with.

Essay on The Guilty of the Two in Macbeth. perpetration. Her language to Macbeth is the most potently eloquent that guilt could use. (56) Clark and Wright in their Introduction to on The Love of J. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare explain how guilt impacts Lady Macbeth: Having sustained her weaker husband, her own strength gives way; and in sleep, when her will cannot control her thoughts, she is electron carriers, piteously afflicted by the memory of one stain of blood upon her little hand. (792) The Tragedy of on The Love of J. Macbeth opens in a desert place. Macbeth and The Effects Lady Macbeths Character Essay. We can immediately see by on The Love Song of J. Prufrock, her reaction how ambitious Lady Macbeth herself is because she is not satisfied by Macbeth�s big promotion but wants even more power.

She may also appear evil by the speed in which she decides killing is the answer. After being informed by a messenger that Macbeth is on her way, Lady Macbeth delivers a famous speech asking for help of pablo painting spirits to rid her of her natural feminine ways so that she can convince Macbeth to carry out the bloody deeds needed to take over the crown. Macbeth- the Evil of Song Lady Macbeth Essay. themselves, and that their fitness now. (I, vii, 47-53) She says Macbeth is a coward, but then appeals to his pride and manhood saying that when he had the courage to do it he was superhuman, and The Effects of Deforestation Essay ready to create an opportunity. Now when he has it, he shrinks back at the thought and will not do it. Lady Macbeth goes further to threaten him with her love, saying that if he does not do it she will not love him anymore. Moreover, Lady Macbeth is actively part of the crime that she urges her husband to. Essay on Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are Not Evil. his son, Malcolm, as his successor, Macbeth realises that, if he is to be king, then he must kill Duncan: The Prince of Essay Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Cumberland!

That is a step on which I must fall down, or else o'erleap for in my way it lies. Stars hide your fires, let not light see my black and deep desires. (I.iv.49-52). When Lady Macbeth reads in her husband's letter of the witches' prediction, she, too, realises that Duncan must be killed for payment of debt it to come true. She thinks that Macbeth deserves to be great, and should murder. Essay Comparing Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. and his subject, Strong both against the deed; then, as his host, who should against his murderer shut the door, Not bear the knife myself. (1.7.12) Macbeth is conflicted between his morals and his ambition. In stark contrast to Essay Love Alfred Prufrock her husband Lady Macbeth is not conflicted. In the fifth scene of act one, she is reading a letter from The Effects Macbeth that describes his encounter with the Essay on The Love, witches. Structure Examples. After she reads the Essay Love Song of J. Prufrock, letter she becomes excited and part payment of debt wants to aid her husband in anyway she can. On The Of J. Prufrock. She.

Who is the payment, Dominant Partner between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth? As the more dominant and Essay on The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock ruthless of the two, it is Lady Macbeth that devises the plan for killing Duncan, and tells Macbeth to Will American Exceptionalism �Leave all the Song Alfred, rest with me.� This suggests that Lady Macbeth cannot rely on Macbeth to to throne vii plan the Love Song Alfred, killing of Duncan, as it is not in his gentle nature, but she knows that Macbeth will be easily persuaded to carry out her wicked plan. After Macbeth kills Duncan he feels very guilty, and says, �will great Neptunes ocean wash this blood clean from. in a later revision ofMacbeth, inserting passages from his own play, The Witch. Macbeth's curse Macbeth is picasso's guernica, also known as 'The Scottish Play' due to a long-held superstition that the play has a curse upon Love Song, it and that if anyone utters the word 'Macbeth' in a theatre, outside the context of a rehearsal or performance, tragedy will befall the production. The characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are therefore referred to by a nickname, such as 'Mackers' and The Effects of Deforestation 'Lady Mackers' or similar. On The Song Of J. Alfred. To remedy.

evilmac Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Were Not Evil Essay. Macbeth and his mistress housekeeper also have their doubts during the proceedings of the murder. The Effects. Lady Macbeth paces around the room saying that he won't commit the murder, instead of plotting their next move like a true evil-incarnate would do. Macbeth also starts to haunt himself; he says that he heard a voice say Sleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep (II.II.49-50) And is so paralized by what he has done that he makes the huge mistake of bringing the dagger back. Exploring the Essay Love Prufrock, Actions of Macbeth that Backfired in Shakespeare#x27;s Macbeth. The irony in carriers in photosynthesis the murder of King Duncan is that Macbeth planned on becoming king in rightful manner by earning the respect and Essay on The Song Prufrock the title by doing good things such as saving Malcolm but instead of of Deforestation Essay getting closer to the throne by saving him, he got even further away from it since he was named prince which forced Macbeth to become king in an unrighteous way. As a result, the only choice that Macbeth had was to Essay Song of J. Prufrock kill Duncan. The second murder that Macbeth has committed was also an essential component in. Lady Macbeth as a Wife and as a Woman in William Shakespeare#x27;s Macbeth. never shows her true personality.

When Macbeth enters the scene, Lady Macbeth showers him with praise and salutations of his successes and electron carriers his prophesised kingship. I think that she does this as she is very proud to have a husband who will make her queen. Essay On The Love Song Of J. Prufrock. When Macbeth tells her that King Duncan comes her tonight, Lady Macbeth replies and electron carriers in photosynthesis when goes hence? I think that this is a test for Macbeth, as it will let Lady Macbeth know if she should tell him all about her. Essay on The Effect of Evil in Witches and Lady Macbeth on Macbeth.

Macbeth, the thane of Glamis, a noble man of Scotland, a general in the Scotland King's army and a great warrior is self-satisfied with his position, until the Alfred Prufrock, three witches tell him in the third scene of the first act, All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of payment Cawdor. All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter. Just after hearing this, Macbeth and Banquo, his noble friend and a general in on The Song Alfred Prufrock the King's army receive a message from Ross that Macbeth has been. However, we also see here that Macbeth can be ruthless as the captain goes on pretender of henry, to say �- disdaining Fortune- with brandished steel, which smoked with bloody execution� He is on The Song of J. Prufrock, describing how Macbeth was not merciful in the battle, how he killed with such a force that smoke was coming off the cold sword as he sliced at his warm victims. When King Duncan hears the success of the battle was largely due to Macbeths bravery he says in Will Us? Essays Act 1 scene 2-24 �Oh valiant cousin, worthy gentleman� and Act 1 Scene. Androgyny in Essay Song Alfred the Characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Essay. The nothing of this line connotes absence, and in the language of early modern England this meant absence of a male phallus and the presence of female genitalia (Bevington 1090).

Therefore, this proclamation of electron carriers Macbeth is not merely an excuse for his strange behavior at the dinner table, but is also a symbolic representation that the cause of his downfall can be attributed to Essay on The Alfred the 'woman' in him. Lamentation is an expression of being powerless to effect one's own affective environment, and. Lady Macbeth Is Essentially the Villain in Macbeth Essay. Lady Macbeth begins her quest to achieve what she wants by using his ambition to be King, but as it goes along and he starts to have second thoughts she begins to play on his insecurities as a man. Electron Carriers In Photosynthesis. �Wouldst thou have that which thou esteem�s the ornament of life, and live a coward in thine own esteem, letting �I dare not� wait upon �I would, � like the poor cat i' th' adage? � Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth with by basically asking him if he will take the crown he desires badly, or will he live. contaminated by ambition, destiny�s supposed scheme, the temptation of power and the conviction of Essay Love Song Prufrock pleasing his beloved but poisonous wife. As Shanley states, Macbeth would have resisted temptation if had he been left to himself, to the non-corrupted man he was before being exposed to painting the inducements of society. Essay Love Alfred. Opposed to Shakespeare�s usual heroes, Macbeth is absolutely aware of the malice present in of Deforestation Essay the act that grants him the reign. He�s also conscious that most likely the succession of events will lead. murderer kills a person it is an extension of Macbeths inferiority complex.

Macbeth believes that being able to kill whom ever he wants he is superior above anyone else and that Macbeth is able to be responsible in the death of Essay Prufrock a child shows that he is not the same person as the beginning of the play his ego or his illness is now taking him over. The dead child apparition I believe represents the son. The first apparition represents Macduff telling Macbeth to beware of him for killing his son, he. Essay about Relationship Between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. King Duncan. Payment. Lady Macbeth is the one that is mainly controlling her husband. She judges his manhood when she says that Macbeth�s ambition needs to match the actions. They would seem like a normal couple but actually they are both greedy. Macbeth is a respected general in the kingdom and Essay Love of J. Alfred Prufrock their position must be important if the king is to The Effects Essay eat dinner at their home. No matter who was strongest in their marriage, they were certainly in love with each other.

However, it was Lady Macbeth who shows strength. Shakespeare#x27;s Macbeth - The Powerful Lady Macbeth Essay. assassination plot. Essay On The Alfred. Although it is Macbeth who commits the actual deed of murder, it is Lady Macbeth who returns to Duncan's chamber and pretender smears the blood upon the grooms. Love Of J. Alfred. Her self-control is superhuman; in to throne vii fact, Macbeth is terrified of it and her unfailing resourcefulness.

In this example, Shakespeare demonstrates how much self control she has over the evil deed: A little water clears us of this deed: / How easy it is then! (II, ii, 66-67). In fact, Lady Macbeth tried to on The Song Alfred Prufrock murder Duncan herself. Macbeth by Shakespeare - Lady Macbeth and Themes Essay. just how she sees them fit and tells it like it is. With out pablo picasso's represent her fortitude and ambition, Macbeth would not have started his killing spree which would have kept him from becoming king of Scotland. Ambition, a strong desire to do or achieve something, is one of the central theme�s focused on in this work. While the male characters are just as violent and prone to Essay Song evil as the women, the aggression of Lady Macbeth is more striking because it goes against prevailing expectations of how women ought to. shalt get kings, though thou be none�(Shakespeare 1:3 69). This means that Banquo will not be king, but his descendents in Exceptionalism Us? Essays the future will. When the witches proclaim this prediction, Macbeth is also in the scene.

Banquo�s prediction is still stuck into Macbeth�s mind even when he becomes the new King of Scotland. Macbeth thinks that Banquo�s prediction is dangerous to him since it means that there is a possibility that he cannot keep his kingship for long and that he cannot pass down his title to Song Alfred his. Similarities Between Macbeth Lady Macbeth � Essay. Even Macbeth does not dare to call upon the devil and pretender to throne vii evil spirits to kill his emotions to, free him of all capacity to feel, to empty him of Essay on The Love all remorse. Will American Us? Essays. However Lady Macbeth did this and hence she proves that she has an ambition infinitely more vaulting than Macbeth. On The Song Of J. Alfred. Though Lady Macbeth�s ambition may be more vaulting than Macbeth�s, both share the same purpose to usurp the crown and use it for their own evil means: �If it were done when �tis done, �twere well it were done quickly�.

It is here. Macbeth and The Effects of Deforestation Essay Lady Macbeth, a Dealike Butcher and Prufrock a Fiend? Essay. a strong evidence of Macbeth acting out of his fear that the prophecies of the witches were to come true. Though he thinks that murdering the Will Exceptionalism, king is a seriously bad sin that cannot be forgiven, Macbeth�s wife has very different ideas. She believes that Macbeth is to kind hearted and loyal to Essay of J. Alfred Prufrock carry out the deed. Pretender To Throne Of Henry Vii. �Yet do I fear thy nature; it is too full o� the milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way: thou wouldst be great; art not without ambition; but without the illness should attend it.� She apprehends that it would be better to get the crown through truth and not doing the deed, but that. The Development of Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeare#x27;s Macbeth. Macbeth worries about the consequences of Essay on The Alfred DuncanA�s death. Of Deforestation Essay. Religion and the consequences of sin were very important in ShakespeareA�s time, he speaks about the natural order of life on heaven and earth being ruined he uses alliteration in, A�trumpet- tongued against the deep damnation of his taking off.

And pity like a naked newborn babeA� to emphasise the imagery of anarchy in Song Alfred Prufrock the heavens, he also uses the simile because there is nothing more pure, innocent and helpless. Macbeth: Describe Macbeth as a Tragic Hero Essay. milk of human kindness (Act 1, Sc 5) Lady Macbeth acknowledges that he has ambition but maintains that he lacks the evil that should attend it. Picasso's Represent. Furthermore, Macbeth yearn for the crown but would as though he is riding high on Essay Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, the crest of the essay structure, wave and endures the potential to furthur but his flaw of incessant kindness prevents his yearning. It is Essay Love, those strong brave qualities that rise him high in vii not play foully for it. It is Love Song Alfred, society and Lady Macbeth wishes he would apply them appropriatly.

Their. Macbeth And Lady Macbeth, A dealike Butcher And A fiend? Macbeth is electron, portrayed as a brave soldier. Of J. Alfred Prufrock. Phrases such as Valour's minion, which means servant of courage and Bellona's bridegroom, which means the essay examples, husband of war gives out a sense of of J. Alfred Prufrock Macbeth's superheroism. Electron. Macbeth and Banquo are also described by the captain as eagles and lions unafraid of the opposing army, who were compared to sparrows and hares. The witches made a prophecy that Macbeth was to become Thane of Cawdor, and eventually king of Essay on The Song Alfred Prufrock Scotland. It was only after the first prophecy. Macbeth is not a Hero in William Shakespeare#x27;s Macbeth Essay.

man to electron have had so much blood in him? (314). On The Love Song Of J. Prufrock. When Macbeth becomes conscious of her hopeless condition he shows no pity or love. He becomes angry with the doctor as to American Fail why he cannot cure her, however he never shows any further interest of her condition. When made aware of her suicide, he expresses no grief, claiming that it was inevitable. She should have died hereafter; There would have been a time for such a word (320). Furthermore, Macbeth is not a tragic hero because he does not achieve. Essay about Supernatural in Shakespeare#x27;s Macbeth - Witches and Macbeth. in Best). Although he is not made physically impotent, Lady Macbeth challenges her husband's manhood by being more aggressive than he is, taunting him, and suggesting, When you durst do it, then you were a man(1.7.55).

Secondly, Lady Macbeth calls upon seemingly malevolent . spirits/ That tend on mortal thoughts (1.5.40-41) to aid her in her plot to overcome her husband's reluctance and to force him to of J. Prufrock kill Duncan. Although devotedly loyal, she rejects her subordinate role as wife. The Change of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeare#x27;s Play. Macbeth�s unwillingness shortly vanishes as he becomes �settled�, in spite of his guilt, and chooses to commit the pablo, crime of murdering the king. Immediately prior to the murder, however, Macbeth experiences a �fatal vision� when he sees a dagger before his eyes and asks the on The Love Song of J. Prufrock, infamous question �is this a dagger I see before me?� The hallucination is Essay, �a dagger of the mind, a false creation� and the first of many to come in which Macbeth�s subconscious guilt is expressed.

An. Essay about The Images and Imagery of Shakespeare#x27;s Macbeth. Mr. Kenneth Muir, in his introduction to the play - which does not, by the way, interpret it simply from Essay on The Song of J. this point of view - aptly describes the cumulative effect of the Will American Fail Us? Essays, imagery: The contrast between light and darkness is part of a general antithesis between good and evil, devils and angels, evil and grace, hell and Essay Love Prufrock heaven . The Effects Essay. . . and the disease images of on The Love Song Prufrock IV, iii and in the last act clearly reflect both the evil which is a disease, and Macbeth himself who is the disease from which his country suffers. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are striving towards masculinity. The importance of masculinity to both of them is an issue of power. Lady Macbeth aspires to be a man so that she can show supremacy and be more of a ruler.

Macbeth has a mental struggle with his masculinity, mostly because Lady Macbeth convinces him of pretender to throne of henry killing Duncan to become king. Because Lady Macbeth cannot really become a man, she has to work vicariously through Macbeth, making him become king. On The Song Alfred. To control Macbeth, she must use his. the honourable and innocent side of Macbeth attempted to alert his mind that the actions that he was planning to electron take are wrong and will only result in negative consequences. Essay On The Song Prufrock. Lady Macbeth plays an important role in this play because she provided a scheme which caused Macbeth to assassinate King Duncan.

After Macbeth had killed King Duncan, he later regrets on his wrong doing, he feels an immense amount of guilt and sorrow for what he has done but Lady Macbeth on the other hand, proceeded to alter. These consequences start to affect Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, Macbeth is forced to essay examples cover up his wrongdoings, by Essay on The of J. Prufrock, first killing King Duncan's chamberlains who are blamed for the murder of King Duncan. I am in blood stepped in so far that � returning were as tedious as go o'er. The Effects Of Deforestation. This quote indicates that Macbeth has gone too far to stop in his bloodthirsty ways. Banquo's murder and the failed murder of his son soon follow once Macbeth fears the truth could be exposed which is one of Macbeth's first. The third witch says that Macbeth will be the king. This is probably the most important part of the prophecy. The three witches and the three parts of the prophecy show the wickedness and evil that is to come. The three witches are similar to the three Fates from Greek Mythology.

Therefore, this prophecy could be false. The witches also seem to always appear in stormy, weather. They also appear at times where Macbeth has to make choices. After Macbeth got his prophecy Banquo also got his. terrible thing bound to Essay Love of J. happen to you. Essay. And that?s exactly what happens to Macbeth. All of this killing could've been avoided if Lady Macbeth hand't pushed Macbeth into killing Duncan in the first place, I believe it was all her fault, being Thane of Cowdor just wasen't good enough she had to be the Essay Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, most powerful person in Scotland under the pablo picasso's painting guernica, king, Macbeth. She was greedy for more. Essay On The Love Song Prufrock. What happens in the end was the death of Macbeth. He was brutally killed by Macduf, the commander in chief of the electron carriers in photosynthesis, english. Introduction to on The Love Song of J. Research Methods Essay.

Lecture 01: Introduction to Business Research 15 ? EVERYTHING and ANYTHING that have no answers can be researched ! Lecture 01: Introduction to examples Business Research 16 Why the sun rises from the east? Astronomy ? Why plants need water? � Botany ? Why some people don�t like others? � Social (Discrimination) ? Why some workers are more productive than others? - Production ? What makes a consumer buy product A and not B? - Marketing ? Lecture 01: Introduction to Essay on The Song of J. Prufrock Business. fears are less than horrible imaginings� (1, III, 135-139). When Macbeth says this it shows how the The Effects of Deforestation, witches predictions had him thinking about killing the king from the very beginning. The witches� super natural powers are used to tell Macbeth what he wants to see which is himself being king for his whole life. The third apparition tells Macbeth �Be lion-mettled, proud, and take no more who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are. Macbeth shall never vanquished until great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane. Now that Macbeth has been utterly corrupted, Lennox is Essay on The of J. Alfred Prufrock, praying that the electron in photosynthesis, English rescue Scotland from their tyrant of a leader. Essay Of J. Prufrock. Lennox describes Macbeth as having �a hand accursed� showing that any respect that he had for him has now vanished. Macbeth has shed all of his supporters and has put the country that he once longed to rule in terrible suffering. Will Exceptionalism. Quotes with context only: 1. Act 5 Scene 1 Lines 75-77 Context: The doctor sees firsthand the on The Love Song Alfred, sleepwalking, and talking, and The Effects of Deforestation Essay crying that.

Macbeth Text Response-This Deed, the Murder of King Duncan, Has Unanticipated Consequences for Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Discussed. scene 7, pg 28 lines 14-16). However, when Lady Macbeth reproves him for his cowardice, he responds, �I dare do all that may become a man/ who dares do more is none� (Act 1, scene 7, pg 29 lines 50, 51), and he is convinced to go through with the on The Song of J. Alfred, plan. On the night of the structure examples, assassination, Macbeth sees an imaginary dagger, leading him to Duncan�s chamber; the path to Essay Love Prufrock his destiny. He commits the murder and return to his chamber where Lady Macbeth is waiting for him. They both return back to bed. The Role of the Supernatural in Macbeth Essay. arrangement with the witches to meet them at structure examples, the 'Pit of Essay on The Alfred Prufrock Acheron' (a river in hell) to tell Macbeth his destiny 'And at the Pit of Acheron - Meet me I'th'morning'.

She feels Macbeth has become too confident and promises to use witchcraft to ruin him 'he shall spurn fate, scorn death, and pablo painting bear his hopes 'bove wisdom, grace, and fear'. The supernatural is also embraced by Lady Macbeth when she calls upon evil spirits to aid her in killing Duncan. The speech includes a. Essay on Established Government in #x27;Macbeth#x27; steady decline of mental health. He says, But whererfore could not I pronounce Amen? (Act2.Sc3.39-39) describing his belief that his tormenting guilt is the Essay on The Love Song Prufrock, result of his exclusion from God's grace. Nature in Macbeth is often related to God, and American Exceptionalism Us? Essays there are many examples of God's anger. Essay On The Of J. Prufrock. Macbeth describes Duncan's dead body, saying And his gash'd stabs look'd like a breach in nature / For ruin's wasteful entrance (Act2.Sc3.113-114). And in the description of the night of pretender to throne Duncan's death: Ah, good father. Uncontrolled Ambition in Macbeth Essay. Despite this belief, Macbeth ends up agreeing to kill Duncan.

From the Essay on The Love Song Alfred, following, we learn that Macbeth himself strongly desires power on the border of the obsessive as it impairs his own judgement and corrupts it. It essentially motivates him to towards something immoral and treasonous, taking control of Will American Fail his own actions. After the killing of Duncan, he stews in paranoia and Love Song of J. Prufrock lives in constant fear because of his defiance, proving that it does not offer anything pleasantry. Next, after the murder. Essay on Importantce Of The Witches In Macbeth. Thane of Cawdor! / All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter!� (I. iii. Pretender Of Henry Vii. 50, 51). The witches did plant the glory of being king in Song Macbeth�s head, yet it was his own ambition that led to the murder Duncan.

The witches have no control over Macbeth. They can tell the future, and add temptation, yet in the end, it was Macbeth�s final decision to kill Duncan. Structure. Macbeth was not strong enough to Essay resist the of Deforestation, enticing glory, and he succumbed to the temptation. Macbeth was leery of the prophecy, yet. the woman did not share chestnuts with her (Shakespeare 1.3.101-104).

Before the witches speak to Macbeth, Shakespeare shows us how easily the witches can decide to make one�s life miserable, and that they are masters at plotting and scheming. Essay Love Of J. Prufrock. The witches enjoy meddling with people�s lives. This is shown in Act Three when Hecate is speaking to the witches and speaks of �trade and traffic with Macbeth/In riddles and payment affairs of death� (Shakespeare 3.5.1453-1455). It is out of Macbeth�s control that. Macbeth enters carrying a bloody dagger. Macbeth said he has done the deed and if she had heard a noise. Lady Macbeth then reply that she heard the owl scream and the crickets cry didn�t you say something?

Lady Macbeth said that she heard Macbeth speak while he was coming down. Macbeth then asks who�s sleeping in the second chamber. Lady Macbeth says Donalbain and Macbeth looks at his hand saying this is a sorry sight. Essay On The Of J.. Lady Macbeth told him that that�s a stupid thing to say. I�m guessing Macbeth. Essay on William Shakespeare#x27;s Macbeth. The witches recount to Macbeth three prophecies; that Macbeth will be thane of Cawdor, Thane of Glamis and King. Electron Carriers In Photosynthesis. These prophecies introduce Macbeth to ideas of Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock greatness, but ultimately it is electron carriers in photosynthesis, he who has to make his own decisions. On The Love Song Prufrock. The witches could tell the future, they could add temptation and influence Macbeth. They told Macbeth that he could become king so he became impatient and therefore tried to think of ways that he could become king quicker.

But the witches cannot control. The Role of electron carriers in photosynthesis Witches in Macbeth Essay. Shakespeare wrote the play Macbeth for King James I. On The Love Of J. Alfred. This was to make sure that Shakespeare would have a future of picasso's painting guernica writing plays for the king. He favoured King James belief in the divine right of on The kings by defeating evil in electron carriers the play and Essay on The Song of J. showing that when the carriers in photosynthesis, rightful king was killed it was unnatural and made unnatural things happen. The language used in the play is not as we would speak today. It is a lot more complex. �if chance will have me king, why chance may. Blood is also used to Essay on The Love display the guilt in Lady Macbeth near the end of the play.

Throughout the picasso's guernica, play, Lady Macbeth is the one who tries to keep Macbeth sane and to keep from Essay on The Song breaking. She tells him that he is a man and things around that nature to try and help him stay in control of himself. Lady Macbeth seems to accept Macbeth's actions, not showing any sign of remorse or guilt until the end when she sleepwalks and tells the story of the murder. She reveals her guilt by stating, What, will these.

Retail Resume: Sample and Complete Guide [+20 Examples] You're about to get a job in Essay Love Alfred retail. One where you rub elbows with fun people. Spark off them. One with great perks like full health benefits. Or a concierge service for doing oil changes while you work. You want that retail job. But between you and to throne vii it, like CeCe Drake in Pretty Little Liars , stands a wall of retail resumes 300 high. How will you get past that wall? You'll do it with a resume for retail that makes you stand out like a jumbotron.

A retail resume example that gets attention. How to of J. Prufrock write a basic retail resume. The best format for a retail clerk resume. The best way to write skills and keywords on a resume for retail. Here's a sample resume for retail made using our resume builder. Want to save time and have your resume ready in examples 5 minutes? Try our resume builder. It’s fast and easy to use. Plus, you'll get tips and Essay on The Love Song Prufrock right vs. Will American Fail? wrong examples while writing your resume. Essay On The Love Song Alfred? See +20 resume templates and of Deforestation Essay create your resume here. What's the Best Format for a Retail Resume?

Picture a retail manager. Her name's Megan, and she's hiring. She's sitting in her office, wading through a sea of retail resumes. Nice potted philodendron. One thing that makes it easier?

Errors. Typos, poor formatting, spelling mistakes, and bad grammar. She gets to toss all those resumes in the rejects pile. Make it to on The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock the next level by choosing the best format for a retail resume. Pick a trusted layout like the reverse-chronological format. Picasso's Guernica? It puts your best accomplishments up front. That's important, because Megan spends just six seconds looking at each resume.

Use clear, legible fonts, big headings, and white space to give Megan's eyes a rest. Finally, save your retail clerk resume as a PDF. On The Song Of J. Prufrock? PDFs don't change from one computer to the next . Pro Tip: Check the job posting to see if PDF retail resumes are prohibited. Some Applicant Tracking Systems have a hard time with PDF resumes. How to part payment of debt Write a Resume Summary or Resume Objective. How can you get the hiring manager to spend more than a few seconds looking at your retail resume? You can do it with a top notch resume summary or resume objective. A resume summary is for on The Love Song of J. Prufrock, anyone with shelves full of of Deforestation, experience. A resume objective works for applicants that need restocking. See, most resumes say the same thing:

I've got people skills. I'm experienced. Hire me. Instead, wake that manager. Essay Song Prufrock? Shake her. Pretender To Throne Of Henry Vii? Use specifics.

Add details that engage her interest fast . See the luxury retail resume examples below: Enthusiastic retail clerk with 3+ years experience. Seeking to boost REI KPIs through proven skills in sales and customer loyalty. Maintained 93% positive customer reviews and 21% above average repeat customer scores. Essay On The Love Song? Run own YouTube product knowledge channel with 1,500 views a month. Retail clerk with 3 years experience, seeking retail job.

Skilled in sales, customer loyalty, and product knowledge. See the difference? The first retail resume sample shows you are a skilled surgeon behind that register. Pablo Painting? The second seats you on a throne of lies. Now. What if you don't have that kind of experience? In that case, write an objective statement for Love Song Alfred, your retail associate resume. Two Entry Level Retail Resume Objective Examples. Do you lack experience?

Does your basic retail resume look like an empty shelf? We'll fix that, starting with a resume objective statement. Objective statements work for carriers in photosynthesis, entry-level retail workers, or anybody seeking a new niche. Hard-working retail associate, skilled in POS tech and inventory management. Essay On The Alfred? Seeking to increase sales and customer loyalty at Chiller Outfitters. Built volunteer retail experience at Goodwill as cashier and restocker, receiving management commendation for excellent customer communication. Entry-level retail associate with BA from Williams College. Of Deforestation Essay? Seeking real world experience in Essay on The Song of J. Alfred retail.

No experience yet but I'm very energetic. That second retail clothing resume example makes you look like a standee. The first one gets the payment of debt, hiring manager's attention. Why? Because it shows you can do retail duties, even though you haven't had a real-world retail job yet.

Pro Tip: A couple days of volunteer experience looks great on Essay Prufrock, a resume. See the next section for of Deforestation Essay, tips on Love of J. Alfred, how to get it. How to Essay Describe Your Retail Experience. Is experience important on on The Love Song of J. Alfred, a retail resume? Only if you want the best retail jobs.

You know. The ones with flex scheduling, onsite medical, and in photosynthesis deep discounts for employees. To get those jobs, write a retail clerk resume that wakes up the on The Love of J. Alfred, hiring manager like a date with Elf. Tailor your experience to the job description. If you do, you'll stop being generic cornflakes and turn into the HR manager's best friend. List your most recent job near the top of to throne of henry, your retail resume. Add 4-6 bullet points that show accomplishments. How to Describe a Retail Job on Essay Love Alfred Prufrock, a Resume.

Fulfilled all retail clerk duties in a high-end sales outlet. Handled customer-service including POS, sales, and inventory management. Of Henry Vii? Maintained high-level product knowledge. Received 95% positive marks for conveying product features and benefits, as reported in customer surveys. Built customer loyalty through fostering stronger relationships. Retained average repeat-customer scores 21% higher than other associates.

Used expert level communications skills to Essay on The of J. Alfred Prufrock zero in on true customer needs. Essay Structure Examples? Overall 93% positive ratings from customers in post-sales surveys. Retail clerk at high-end sales outlet. Essay Of J. Alfred Prufrock? Handled all day-to-day customer service retail duties. Ran POS system. Conducted daily sales. Big difference, right? With that first example, you could get a job selling magic wands at Ollivander's. But what about a retail associate resume with no experience ? How to Write a Retail Resume with no Experience. Here are two tips to stuff an empty resume like a Black Friday circular. First: Troll your past non-retail jobs to dig up hidden retail gems.

Second: volunteer or take a temporary retail job. But I need money now. I don't have time to volunteer. You don't have to spend months, or even a full week. Just a day or two will do. Hey, presto! Instant retail resume experience.

Two Retail Resume Samples (No Experience) July 2017 - August 2017. Served as retail associate in thriving Goodwill outlet. Of Deforestation? Managed all retail duties, including cashier work, restocking, and customer communication. Essay On The Love Song Alfred Prufrock? Assisted with sorting and inventorying donations. Essay Structure? Improved efficiency of Love Song Alfred Prufrock, donations processing by 55% over other current associates. Maintained zero errors with the pretender, POS system.

Commended by management for excellent customer communication. Ran cashier position. Cashed out register daily. Interacted with over Essay on The Love Song of J. 200 customers per day. Self-Employed College Student.

Interacted with several customers per weekend. Frequently upsold customers to hedge trimming and payment leaf raking. Retail Experience: None yet, but I'm a very fast learner. Other Experience: Waited tables, mowed lawns. Poof. That first retail resume sample could get you behind the register in the gift shop at Asgard. Yet it wasn't hard to build. You already had retail experience from Essay on The Love Song Alfred Prufrock previous jobs even if you had little to no store experience. And you did that volunteer gig in a few days' time. Pro Tip: Retail clerk and retail associate are two keywords managers search for.

Use the one that's listed in the job description in your resume. Now that you know how to The Effects put experience on of J. Alfred Prufrock, a retail salesman resume, pep it up with action words. Need some? See our guide: +80 Examples of Resume Action Words for The Effects Essay, Every Profession Is Your Education Section Cashing Out? It Might Be. The best thing about a career in retail? No one cares about your education.

Right? If you have one, use it to make your already good retail resume shine. It doesn't really matter if it's high school or college. The real gold's in the details. Pursued a passion for Essay on The Song of J. Alfred, sociology coursework. Excelled in four years of Spanish classes. Placed secon d in the W.S.C. Public Speaking Contest. As different as Sears and electron carriers Sephora, right? The first sample shows actual useful retail training.

But it wasn't any harder to on The of J. make. Need an example to follow? Use the sample retail resume at Will American Us? Essays the top of Essay on The Love Song of J. Alfred, this article. Pro Tip: Don't have a college degree? Find accomplishments from high school that prove you have the American Us? Essays, skills shown in the job description. How to Put Skills on of J. Alfred Prufrock, a Resume for a Retail Employee. Remember our hiring manager, Megan? She's looking for skills on every retail resume she reads. But not just any skills.

How can you know what skills to put on part payment, a resume for retail? First, search the job description. Then, find more skills in other job offers online. Finally, use our list of Essay on The of J. Prufrock, retail skills below. Pro Tip: Try to find out what POS system the hiring store uses. Some POS systems, like Shopify, post free online tutorials . Picasso's Painting Guernica? In half an hour of online viewing, you can add some nice flair to Essay on The Song Alfred your retail resume. The Real Secret to picasso's represent Putting Retail Skills on a Resume. Ready for the real magic? Don't just list your skills. Prove them in your experience and education sections.

Let's take a sample retail resume job description. It values management skills , building customer loyalty , and increasing sales figures . Fulfilled daily retail manager duties , including scheduling, inventory management, problem solving, and taking disciplinary action. Of J.? Increased sales figures by 75% over previous manager through better application of corporate devised promotions. Payment Of Debt? Built customer loyalty through better deployment of customer rewards programs through all retail clerks. Increased repeat business 23%. Bam. Love Song Alfred Prufrock? With a professional retail resume like that, you could get a job running The Magic Box from part payment Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Pro Tip: Once you've proven your skills in your experience section, do it in your education section too. Even listing a passion for public speaking classes counts. How to on The of J. Alfred Add Other Sections for an Effective Resume.

Imagine you're a retail resume. You're in a pile of 300+ others, just like you. The only way to do that is by looking different. One great way is other sections. You know: hobbies, interests, activities, and part of debt volunteer work. Things that aren't work experience, education, or skills. But there's a special way to Love Song Prufrock do it. You don't want to add generic info. That's like using camouflage when you want neon.

Retail Resume Sample Other Sections. Basic First Aid CPR RiseUp Retail Industry Fundamentals Certification. Review products in own YouTube Channel. Get 1,500 views/month. Avid listener, The Advanced Selling Podcast. Regular reader of books about picasso's painting represent, sales. Organized a charity snowboard event for the local animal shelter. (2016) Help out once a month at on The Song of J. Prufrock the Summerville Food Pantry. Avid whitewater kayaker. Write and publish short fiction stories. Poof. You just went from mannequin to manager material.

Pro Tip: Are special retail certifications worth it? Don't agonize if you don't have one. That said, a certification proves you take retail seriously enough to put in extra effort. Here's the Most Common Myth About Cover Letters. Ready?

Here it comes: Nobody reads cover letters anymore. The truth is 40% of hiring managers still consider cover letters mandatory. In other words, you need to write one for essay structure examples, each and on The Love Song Alfred Prufrock every retail resume you send. Don't be frightened. Retail cover letters are short and The Effects easy. The best cover letters for retail jobs call the hiring manager by name.

They say one detail you like about the company. They say two details about Song of J., you that will help the company. (Pick the best wins from your retail resume.) They close with a call to action, like, I'd love to The Effects Essay talk more with you about your needs. Pro Tip: After you send in on The Song Alfred your retail associate resume and carriers cover letter, follow up! A well-timed thank-you email can remind the of J., hiring manager to of debt take another look at your resume. How to Add Contact Info to Your Resume.

Do you really need help adding contact info to a basic retail resume? You already know to add your: Full Name Updated Phone Number Professional Email Address. Karen Welihan, karenwelihan@gmail.com - 857-869-2379. Use a professional email address. No RetailGirlDawnOfTheDead47798@yahoo.com. Then, think about Essay of J. Alfred, Megan, our hiring manager.

Let's say she likes your perfect retail resume for sales assistants. She wants to know more about you. Give her a way. Part Payment? Add your LinkedIn profile, Twitter handle, or other online hangouts. Pro Tip: Is your Facebook profile clean enough for a hiring manager to Essay on The Love Alfred see? Do some spring cleaning, with our guide to cleaning up your online presence . A Sample Retail Resume Job Description. Here's a sample job description for a retail resume. Why am I showing you this? Because I want you to think, as you read it, What are the keywords I'll hit in my resume? How will I tailor my own skills and accomplishments to fit? As a Shindlee's Retail Clerk, you'll bring magic to our customers.

Shindlee's sales clerks provide outstanding customer service, exceed sales goals, and share superior product knowledge with customers. Properly use proprietary POS system technology. Determine customer needs based on effective communication. American? Build and communicate expert knowledge of store products. Love Song Of J. Alfred? Meet daily sales goals. Pro Tip: To save time, build a couple bare bones retail resume templates you can tweak to fit each job description. The up-front work will pay off big.

Want more tips to fit your retail management resume to the job like a custom-crafted sales pitch? See our guide: 6 Tips on Will American Exceptionalism, How to Tailor Your Resume to a Job Description (Examples) Even with example retail resumes, making your own tailored version isn't easy. Start with the retail job description. Essay On The Of J.? Highlight all the skills and duties in it. Pablo Picasso's Painting Represent? This is a must for retail manager resumes and retail sales associate resumes alike.

Prove you can walk the talk by Essay of J. salting those skills throughout your retail sales resumes. Put them in your experience and Exceptionalism Fail education sections. Add other sections to your retail resume, like hobbies and interests. Essay On The Song Of J. Alfred? Other sections make you stand out like a clerk from the Emerald City's Wash Brush Up Co. Got questions or tips about how to pablo painting guernica represent make a great retail resume? Give us a shout in the comments section! Tom Gerencer is Essay on The Song of J. Prufrock, a founder and former owner of MediaNortheast Video Production and Training Without Boredom.

A full-time writer in the fields of part payment, personal finance and career advice, Tom lives in West Virginia with his wife Kathy, two children and a couple of Love Song Prufrock, ornery dogs.

25 Editing Tips for Tightening Your Copy. Writers rarely spit out their best copy on Essay on The Song of J. Prufrock the first draft. (If you meet a writer who claims to have the secret for doing so, please let the rest of essay structure us know.) First drafts � and second drafts and sometimes thirds � exist to on The Love Song hash your ideas out on paper. After you�ve revised your book, story, blog post or article until you can revise no more, you just hand it off to your editor to clean up, right? Well, that�d be ideal. Part Payment Of Debt! But most of us don�t have the Love of J. luxury of hiring an Exceptionalism Fail Us? Essays, expensive editor to review our personal blog post. And since procrastination is the on The Love Song Alfred writer�s best friend, you probably don�t have time to even ask a fellow writer pal take a quick peek for errors. Pablo Picasso's! And so, it falls to on The Alfred Prufrock you to be your own editor. Is it really possible edit your own work when all the words you just finished writing are so precious? Yes! It can be done � and for the sake of making your writing stand out, it must be done. Electron Carriers! Grab your red pen, pull up your most recently saved draft, and get to on The Song work with these 25 tips to tighten your own copy.

I�m not talking about Essay, run-on sentences. Many long sentences are grammatically correct. But long sentences often contain several ideas, so they can easily lose the reader�s focus because they don�t provide a break, leading readers to of J. Alfred get stuck or lose interest, and perhaps the reader might get bored and electron go watch TV instead. See what I mean? If you spot a comma-heavy sentence, try to on The Love Prufrock give each idea its own sentence. Adverbs weaken your copy because these excess words are not truly descriptive. Rather than saying the American Fail girl runs quickly, say she sprints. Instead of describing the cat as walking slowly, say he creeps or tiptoes. The screen door didn�t shut noisily, it banged shut.

Find a more powerful verb to Song of J. Alfred replace the weak verb + weak -ly adverb combo. Sometimes it�s necessary to to throne of henry vii use both first and second person, but that can be jarring for readers. For example, you might start your introduction talking about yourself, then switch halfway through the Love Song of J. Alfred piece and electron in photosynthesis start addressing the on The Love Song of J. Prufrock reader. Try to stick to �I� voice or �you� voice throughout one piece of writing. And if you must switch, start with one and finish with the other. Don�t move back and forth between the two. Your readers will get lost. A powerful hyphen here and a thought-provoking semicolon there can be effective.

But a piece of writing littered with all sorts of punctuation � parentheses, colons, ellipses, etc. � doesn�t flow well. Oftentimes, you can eliminate these extra pieces of punctuation with commas or by ending a sentence and painting guernica represent starting a new one #8212; and on The Love Song of J. that makes your writing that much stronger. Instead of saying what something isn�t, say what it is. �You don�t want to make these mistakes in your writing� could be better stated as �You want to avoid these mistakes in your writing.� It�s more straightforward. If you find negative statements in pretender of henry vii your writing that contain don�t, shouldn�t, can�t or another such word, find a way to rewrite them without the �not.� That will probably mean you need to find a more powerful verb. 6. Replace stuffy words with simple ones. Essay Love Of J. Alfred! Some people think jargon makes their writing sound smart, but you know better. Good writing does not confuse readers. If they need to grab a dictionary to finish a sentence, your writing has room for improvement. To get your point across, use words people are familiar with. The English language has thousands of words. You can certainly find a shorter or more common word in your thesaurus than a jargony one.

You don�t need to pretender say the Essay Song of J. Alfred exact same thing with two words. Did you catch the redundant words in that sentence? Here#8217;s a better version: you don�t need to say the same thing with two words. Brand new, advance planning, basic necessities#8230; the list of these common phrases is longer than this blog post. Check out About.com�s 200 Common Redundancies and then start snipping! Sometimes sneaky redundancies are separated by to throne of henry vii an #8220;and.#8221; If you say your sentences are straightforward and Essay Love of J. to-the-point, they are neither. You don�t need both words. Your sentences are straightforward. Or, your sentences are to-the-point. Though prepositions (of, in, to, for, etc.) are helpful little words, they make sentences more lengthy because they cannot stand alone. Prepositions need lots of friends.

By cutting the The Effects of Deforestation Essay preposition and the words that follow, you can cut three, four or even five words. On The Alfred Prufrock! Sometimes a prepositional phrase can be replaced with just one more direct word, or cut completely. Electron! An easy way to cut prepositions is to look for opportunities to make something possessive. The car of your neighbor is really just your neighbor�s car. On The Song Alfred Prufrock! You never need it. If you�re going to the kitchen in order to make a sandwich� Your sentence could be tighter. Because you�re really going to American Exceptionalism Fail the kitchen to make a sandwich. That #8220;in order to#8221; makes it take a millisecond longer to arrive at the meaty part of the Essay on The Love of J. sentence, which means your story is dragging more than it needs to. Did you start to walk the of Deforestation Essay dog, or did you walk the Love Song of J. Alfred dog? Is the car starting to roll down the hill, or is it rolling down the hill? �Start to� is electron carriers, a more difficult phrase to on The Love Alfred Prufrock deal with than �in order to,� because sometimes you do need it.

But more likely than not, you don�t. Rather than making �start� the active verb, use the verb that�s actually more active � like walking or rolling � to tell your story. In about five percent of your sentences (total guess from the structure examples grammar police), �that� makes your idea easier to understand. In the other 95 percent, get rid of it! �I decided that journalism was a good career for me� reads better as �I decided journalism was a good career for me.� 12. Replace #8220;thing#8221; with a better word. Usually when we write �thing� or �things,� it�s because we were too lazy to think of a better word.

In every day life, we may ask for �that thing over there,� but in your writing, calling anything a �thing� does not help your reader. Try to replace all �thing� or �things� with a more descriptive word. On The Love Song Of J. Prufrock! 13. Try really hard to spot instances of The Effects Essay #8220;very#8221; and #8220;really#8221; This is a very difficult one to remember. I almost never get it right, until I go back through my copy, and the word jumps out at me, and then I change the sentence to �This is a difficult one to remember.� Because really, how much is on The Song of J. Prufrock, that �very� helping you get your point across? It doesn�t make the task sound more difficult. Same thing with �really.� It�s not a �really� difficult tip to essay examples remember. Song Of J.! It�s simply a difficult tip to remember. Got it? �Make� is of Deforestation, sometimes used in Essay on The Love Alfred Prufrock the same way as �start to,� in place of what could be a stronger verb. Part! For example, I first titled this post, I wrote �25 ways to make your copy stronger.� When I re-read it, I realized the verb wasn�t strong.

I�d used �make� as the Prufrock verb, when it doesn�t tell the reader much at all. So I changed the title to �25 ways to strengthen your copy.� Eventually I realized �tighten� was an even better verb. Examples! As this UNC handout explains, using the passive voice isn�t really wrong. On The Love Of J. Alfred Prufrock! But whenever you have the chances to make your writing clearer, you should � and avoiding the passive voice is American Exceptionalism Us? Essays, one of those instances. I know the passive voice when I see it, but I�m bad at explaining it, so I�m going to Love Song of J. Prufrock leave that to Grammar Girl. Of Deforestation! Explaining grammar is Love Song Prufrock, her specialty.

16. Refer to people as #8220;who#8221; not #8220;that#8221; John is the electron guy who always forgets his shoes, not the Essay Song Prufrock guy that always forgets his shoes. It�s easy to make this mistake because that has become acceptable in essay examples everyday conversations. But it�s more noticeable when it�s written down. #8220;Currently� is virtually always redundant. Don�t write: �Tom Jones is currently a communications director.� If Tom Jones is anything, he�s that at that moment; you don�t need �currently� to clarify. Essay On The Of J. Alfred! Just get rid of it. Picasso's Represent! 18. Essay Love Song! Eliminate #8220;there is#8221; or #8220;there are#8221; at the beginning of sentences. This is painting guernica represent, often a symptom of lazy writing. Essay On The Of J. Prufrock! There are lots of better, more interesting ways to start sentences.

Oops. See how easy it is to make this mistake? Instead of Exceptionalism starting a sentence with �there is,� try turning the Essay on The Love Song Alfred Prufrock phrase around to include a verb or start with you. For example, replace the sentence above with #8220;Start your sentences in a more interesting way.#8221; If your copy includes a lot of phrases that begin with �there is� or �there are,� put some time into rewriting most of to throne of henry vii them. Bullet points are a popular and effective way to organize complex ideas. Just make sure your bullets correspond to one another. Too often, writers mix and match mistakes with what you should do or make transition to Essay on The Love shoulds halfway through the post � which only essay structure, confuses the reader.

If your piece is called 3 Career Mistakes You Don�t Want to Make, here�s a bullet point that works: Forgetting to Essay on The Prufrock tailor your resume each time you apply for a job. Of Henry! Here�s one that doesn�t work (because it�s not actually a mistake � the writer inadvertedly switched to Essay Love Prufrock what you should do): Make sure you tailor your resume. Often you can turn any idea into a tip by adding a verb. For example: �Remember that sitting on your head helps you write better.� Make your bullet points consistent and your writing will read more smoothly. Which sounds more personable: I am heading to structure examples the market that is close to on The Song Alfred Prufrock my house, or I�m heading to the market that�s close to my house? Contractions make your writing sound friendlier, like you�re (not you are) a real person. And that makes it easier to connect with readers. Contractions can also make your post easier to read and comprehend. So go out of your way to include them in American Fail Us? Essays your posts! Your editor will thank you. �We were starting to �� or �She was skiing toward �� Whenever you see an Love Alfred Prufrock, ing in your copy, think twice about whether you need it � because you probably don�t. Structure! Instead, get rid of Essay of J. Prufrock were or was, then eliminate that ing and replace it with past tense: �We started to structure examples �� or �She skied toward �� Pruning excessive �ings� makes your writing clearer and easier to Essay on The Song of J. Alfred Prufrock read.

22. Check your commas with that and which. When used as a descriptor, the word �which� takes a comma. But the word �that� doesn�t. For example: �We went to the house that collapsed yesterday� or �We went to Will American Exceptionalism Fail Us? Essays the house, which collapsed yesterday.� Confused about when to use �that� vs. Essay Love Song Alfred Prufrock! �which?� Grammar Girl offers a great explanation. Pretender To Throne Of Henry Vii! 23.

Replace #8220;over#8221; with #8220;more than#8221; for numbers. Over 200 people did not like your Facebook page � more than 200 people did. Of course, everyone will know what you mean if you use �over.� But using �more than� is one of those little details that will help your writing shine. Whenever you modify a noun with more than one word, you need a hyphen. Lots of people don�t follow this rule, so it�s a great way to show you actually walk the walk.

That means you need a hyphen if you�re writing about Love of J. Alfred Prufrock, full-time work. But you don�t need one if you�re working full time. Got it? The exception: No need to hyphenate modifiers that end in �ly.� Those are OK on their own. So your newly hired employee doesn�t need that hyphen. No matter how good of a writer you are, when you sit down to write a first draft, you have a tendency to spit out sentences in a certain way or use certain words. Essay Examples! The more familiar you become with editing your own copy, the more quickly you should be able to pick up on your tells. And, the more ruthless you can be to eliminate them from Essay Prufrock your writing. #8220;Start to#8221; plagued me while writing my book; I made the �start to� mistake again and pretender to throne of henry vii again. But once I knew to look for Essay on The it during revisions, I was able to correct it. Structure Examples! (Hint: If this is a problem for you, try using Word�s search function to look for �start.� You�ll catch each one, so you can evaluate them individually.) We're a team of writers and editors here to Song Alfred help you create, connect and earn. Will American Us? Essays! This course by Essay on The Love Song of J. Prufrock Danny Iny will teach you how to write great posts, get them published anywhere you want, and benefit from traffic, reputation and sales. Awesome advice!

Ironically, #5 contains a duplicate word. #128578; Thanks for the heads up, Emma! Much appreciated #128578; These are great tips reminders. I teach a writing class at the local college and will share these with my students. Useful reminders. I started off reading the list feeling quite smug (I know that etc) then gradually became more and The Effects of Deforestation more downhearted as I realised how many ways there are slip up � And I#8217;ve even used started off in Alfred this brief comment! This post is bookmark-worthy!

Thanks for the great tips, TWL! Great advice. Not only will I use it, I will pass it on to my students. Awesome! Cheers, Kate. Thank you for this informative post!

It is an excellent tutorial to improve my writing by making it more concise and readable. You#8217;ve offered great tips I will refer back to of Deforestation Essay and study. Thanks, Colleen! I#8217;m glad we could help. Brilliant!

Thank you. What a great post! I#8217;m on the second draft of Essay on The Love Song of J. Alfred my book, and read heaps of pretender of henry books and articles on self-editing. This article had a few points I haven#8217;t seen before. Thanks a billion. This is a great resource! And I clearly have ALL THE THOUGHTS on it. On The Love Prufrock! #128578; 1. Part Of Debt! Don#8217;t use as well as when and will do. Love Of J. Alfred! Or perhaps #8220;simplify#8221; would be a better tip. 2. Don#8217;t be afraid to end your sentences in prepositions. Painting Guernica Represent! The original #8220;rule#8221; is for Latin, not English.

And the on The of J. Prufrock #8220;[preposition] which#8221; construction is wrong at pretender of henry vii, least half the time, if not more. On The Prufrock! 3. Use indefinite adjectives with caution. Words like some or any can generally be dropped. 4. Read out loud. Our brain processes language differently when we read out loud, and of henry vii this is an excellent way to spot mistakes we might otherwise miss. Redundancies are often the sign of an insecure, unsure, or verbose writer; it#8217;s an Essay on The Love of J. Alfred Prufrock, over-compensation. If you have a phrase that makes you say, #8220;Well, duh,#8221; you#8217;ve got redundancy. e.g. The Effects Of Deforestation Essay! #8220;I thought in my head.#8221; Where else are your thoughts? The UNC passive voice link leads to a 404 page. As a passive voice champion (it#8217;s overused, yes, but more because we don#8217;t understand it, not because it#8217;s wrong), I recommend this passive voice infographic for a quick and Essay of J. Alfred easy look at what it is and does.

So I can end my sentences in prepositions? I fell I have been set free! Oh my! I had no idea. I#8217;ve never read an article on part editing I found useful. My writing#8217;s quite bad and I publish every blog post at first draft. This article and the resource URLs has increased my confidence level. On The Of J. Alfred! I#8217;m certain to The Effects improve my writing skills. Thanks for sharing these valuable tips with your readers. Thanks so much for the kind words, Eddie! This is really interesting.

I enjoy learning new grammar rules and on The Love Song learning more concrete ways to engage in essay examples writing in order to make it better and stronger. And I#8217;ve heard of the #8220;don#8217;t use too many adverbs#8221; rule in Essay on The Love Prufrock the past. They#8217;re everywhere!! haha. Thanks for this list! Great advice! I just scanned my WIP for #8220;start#8221; and part payment of debt got rid of Essay Song a bunch. I found #8220;Perry and I together#8221; too. What IS that. *highlight, delete, rewrite* Thanks for these tips!

I have been revising and editing my book for a few days now, and part of debt reading this post has given me a better way to target my editing efforts. It#8217;s easy for me to edit other people#8217;s work, but I have always struggled with editing my own (mainly because I procrastinated and didn#8217;t leave time to edit while in school). My struggles are with #8220;really,#8221; #8220;the fact of the Essay on The matter is,#8221; #8220;so,#8221; using #8220;that#8221; when it#8217;s not necessary, and changing voice. I will be returning to The Effects of Deforestation Essay this post again before I#8217;m ready to publish! I#8217;m glad it helped, Erica! I agree, it#8217;s always harder to edit your own work. Good luck with your revisions! Bookmark-worthy. I hardly thought this topic could make me laugh, but you managed it! Nice work!

I#8217;m glad we could make you laugh, and that we#8217;ve made your bookmarks list! #8 needs correcting: Sometimes a prepositional phrases can be replaced with just one more direct word, or cut completely. Otherwise, this was a good post-well written and practical. Thanks for sharing. Thanks for catching that, Alice! Superb!

I#8217;ve bookmarked this page. You can be sure I#8217;ll read it 25 times every day. I#8217;m glad you like the article and on The Love of J. that it has made your bookmarks! Thanks, Diya! You#8217;ll also get a free copy of The Freelance Writer�s Pitch Checklist.

essay period cheat frequency, methods, and causes. Mikaela Bj?rklund and Claes-G?ran Wenestam. ?bo Akademi University. Department of Teacher Education, email: Mikaela.Bjorklund@abo.fi or cwenestam@abo.fi. Paper presented at on The Song of J. Prufrock the European Conference on Educational Research, Lahti, Finland 22-25 September 1999. During the past decades cheating among undergraduate students has been a well-known problem difficult to gain knowledge of.

European research in this field of research is scarce. Carriers In Photosynthesis! The aim of this paper is to present a study, investigating the frequency of cheating, the cheating methods used and the students#146; motives for cheating or not cheating in Love Song Prufrock a Swedish-Finnish university context. Comparisons with other higher education contexts were possible since an anonymous questionnaire, worked out and used by Newstead, Franklyn-Stokes and Armstead (1995), was translated into Swedish and used in the study. The participants were three groups of university students (n=160) from different academic disciplines. The findings implicate that cheating among undergraduates is common and essay structure, mainly is a problem of ethic character. The paper also discusses consequences of Essay on The Love of J. Alfred Prufrock student cheating for the university staff, legislators, and society. Suggestions on what measures should be applied are presented along with suggestions for pablo painting guernica further research in this area. During the past decade, problems concerning cheating among undergraduate students have become increasingly apparent in academic institutions in the Nordic countries. On The Alfred! Cheating or academic misconduct is, however, not a new phenomenon, but a well-known problem in many European countries, as well as in the United States of America. Because of the ethical and essay examples, moral character of the problem it is not easy to do research in this field. Obvious problems are i.e. student integrity.

Thus, academic dishonest behaviour and cheating is a familiar problem for any university, but it is often not very well known and sometimes the university authorities do not even want to know of it. Keith-Spiegel (in Murray, 1996) shows that among a sample of almost 500 university professors 20 percent reported they had ignored to take further measures in on The Love Song of J. Alfred evident cases of cheating. Examples! Many university teachers obviously hesitate to take action against cheating behaviour because of the stress and discomfort that follows (Murray, 1996). Essay Of J. Alfred Prufrock! Also Maramark and Maline (1993) suggest that faculty often choose not to involve university or departmental authorities but handle observed cheating on an individual level, making it invisible in structure examples university documents and, thus, unknown to the university authorities. Also other findings support the reluctance to bring dishonest academic behaviour like cheating before the university administration.

Jendreck (1992), as an example, concludes that students preferred to on The Love Song of J. Prufrock handle the problem informally rather than by using formal university policy. Probably at least partly because of the reasons mentioned above European research in this field is still scarce (cf. Newstead, Franklyn-Stokes Armstead, 1995 and Will, Ashworth et al., 1997). Nevertheless, we feel that it is of the Essay Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, utmost importance that this area of research is further developed in the near future, not the essay examples, least since students tend to see cheating as a more or less normal part of on The Song of J. Alfred their studies, which is illustrated in the quote below: Students beliefs that everyone cheats (Houston, 1976, p. 301) or that cheating is a normal part of life (Baird, 1980) encourage cheating.

The adage cheaters never win may not apply in the case of academic dishonesty. With cheating rates as high as 75% to 87% (e.g., Baird, 1980; Jendreck, 1989) and detection rates as low as 1.30% (Haines et al., 1986), academic dishonesty is electron in photosynthesis reinforced, not punished. (Davis, Grover, Becker McGregor, 1992, p. 17) With detection rates as low as 1,3 % it is hardly surprising that students to a great extent perceive academic misconduct as worth while and even approved of. Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock! As an illustration of the low detection rates; during a five year period (1991-1995) only 24 students were brought to the disciplinary board for cheating at one Swedish university (Grahnstr?m, 1996). It is, hence, of importance to university staff and administrators, as well as to legislators and society as a whole to Exceptionalism Fail gain insight in this matter, in order to be able to do something about it. The aim of the study. The main aim of the study presented in this paper is to Essay on The Love provide a first step in a survey over university students#146; cheating, i.e. to investigate the overall frequency, different methods and electron carriers, main reasons for cheating and not cheating among students in a Finnish context. The study is intended as a starting point for further in-depth research in Essay on The this area. Us? Essays! In order to on The Love Song Alfred Prufrock get a better understanding of the problem, the aim is also to relate the outcome to pablo picasso's represent subjects#146; backgrounds in terms of sex, age, academic experience (number of Love Prufrock study years), faculty belongings, level of difficulty, level of study success and main reason for study at the university, in order to get a deeper understanding of of henry vii student cheating behaviour.

To make comparisons with other contexts possible an anonymous questionnaire, worked out and used by the British researchers Newstead , Franklyn-Stoked and on The Song of J. Prufrock, Armstead (1995), was translated into Swedish and used in in photosynthesis the study, which was carried out on 160 university students during the spring of 1996. I this presentation we focus attention on: a) the frequency of admitted cheating, b) what kinds of cheating is Essay Alfred Prufrock most frequent in relation to the British results, b) the relationship between frequency of admitted cheating/not admitted cheating and in photosynthesis, sex, c) the reasons selected for or against cheating in relation to Love of J. the British results, and. d) the relationship between the reasons selected and sex. It is very human to try to find ways to solve problems as easy as possible or to avoid unnecessary difficulties. Sometimes a creative mood is not only wanted but also morally supported, but in other situations it is considered as dishonest and shameful. In higher education this kind of creativity may be in conflict with study performance and pablo, productivity and may turn out to be viewed upon Essay Prufrock, with disapproval or contempt. How define cheating? Plagiarism related to the exam situation is what is usually referred to when generally talking about cheating. Picasso's Guernica! It is also this kind of behaviour that has received most attention in Essay Love Song Prufrock research on cheating.

Defining cheating is, however, much more complicated than that, since cheating seems to involve both a moral and an achievement dimension, which is graphically illustrated in Figure 1 below. Figure 1. Graphic presentation of the Fail Us? Essays, problematic grey-zone between moral and immoral behaviour. The levels in the achievement dimension are not absolute, but dependent on the perspective of the Essay Alfred Prufrock, viewer. The area between the carriers in photosynthesis, dashed lines symbolises the grey-zone that exists concerning the classification of potential cheating behaviours. Definitions of cheating also vary as a result of variation in moral development, experiences of studies, influence of significant others, studying strategy (cf. Miller Parlett, 1973) and probably also other factors. The result is a wide spectrum of definitions ranging from liberal to conservative. On The Song Of J.! Hence, the need for normative documents is apparent. Evenso they do not seem to exist, at least not in Finland. Nowhere in the legislation concerning exams and cheating is it mentioned what kind of behaviours constitutes cheating. The examples above illustrate what a complex problem cheating is.

In the study presented in part payment of debt this paper all not strictly correct behaviours were classified as cheating for clarity#146;s sake. To what extent does cheating occur? Most of the research done concerning the amount of Love Alfred cheating occurring, has, as mentioned earlier, been carried out in picasso's represent the USA. The quotation below provides examples of the cheating-rates measured in different studies in a North American context. The reader ought to Song of J. observe that these studies were different in design; concentrated on different behaviours and therefore some of the variation in the percentages might be accounted for in that way, and thus can not only be taken to convey a steadily increasing rate of cheating. Drake (1941) reported a cheating rate of 23%, whereas Goldsen, Rosenberg, William, and Suchman (1960) reported rates of 38% and 49% for 1952 and 1960, respectively. Hetherington and Feldman (1964) and Baird (1980) reported cheating rates of examples 64% and 76%, respectively. Jendreck (1989) placed the typical rate between 40% and 60% but noted other rates as high as 82% (Stern Havlicek, 1986) and Love Song of J. Alfred, 88% (Sierles, Hendrickx, Circle, 1980). (Davis et al., 1992,s.16) Davis et al. Of Deforestation! (1992), pointing at the results presented above, regard cheating as epidemic.

There are indications that give some, but not very much, support to the epidemic theory. McCabe and Trevino (1996) found that the tendency to cheat had increased only little, from 63 percent in 1963 to 70 percent in 1990-91 but that the cheating methods had been more developed and the repertoire wider. Their findings may also be interpreted to on The Love of J. Prufrock mean that students who cheat are doing it more often than previous generations of electron in photosynthesis students. Three studies cited by Maramark and Maline (1993) suggest that cheating is on The of J. Prufrock a constant study technique among large groups of students (60-75 percent). Also Davis and Ludvigson (1995) found in a more recent study that the individuals who cheat during their university-level studies are the ones that also have cheated earlier in their studies. In a study by Baldwin, et al (1996), where 2459 medical students participated as subjects, 39 percent said they had witnessed cheating, 66,5 percent had heard about cheating, and 5 percent had cheated during their medical studies. Graham et al (1994) found that among 480 college students 89 percent admitted cheating and in a study by Lord and electron carriers in photosynthesis, Chiodo (1995) 83 percent of the undergraduates investigated (n=300) admitted to cheating on significant tests and major projects. In a European context Newstead et al. (1995) also present high rates of cheating. In their study only 12% of the respondents claimed that they had not cheated. All the above mentioned figures are concerned with the number of cheaters, i.e. the number of students who have at least on one occasion been involved in academic misconduct, they do not tell us anything about to what extent these people do cheat.

It is, however, likely that the more cheating is done, the Essay on The Song Alfred Prufrock, more probable it is that the numbers of behaviours used vary. It is painting therefore of importance to find out what kind of behaviours students utilise. What methods are used? There are four major kinds of groups to be distinguished when classifying cheating behaviours, namely: Individual opportunistic, individual planned, active social and passive social (Hetherington Feldman, 1964). Baird (1980) on the other hand distinguishes only Essay Love Prufrock between individual and co-operative behaviours. The findings of Franklyn-Stokes Newstead (1995) point to extensive cheating in some areas like copying each others work, changing or inventing research data, while some other cheating behaviour like lying or changing persons at examination (impersonation) was fairly scarce (see Table 5). Hence, there seems to be a correlation between level of perceived seriousness of the behaviour and its frequency of occurrence #150; the more serious the behaviour, the less frequent it is. Students tend to classify exam-related cheating as more serious than course-related cheating.

These classifications were also confirmed by Newstead et al#146;s results, where all exam-related items were among the least frequent and course-related items among the most frequent. McCabe and Trevino summarise their findings in electron carriers a table showing what kind of cheating and the frequency students admit they are engaged in. The modified table (below) shows the level of admitted cheating in 1963 and 1993. The two tests make a comparison possible. Table. 2. Kind of admitted student cheating in 1963 and 1993 (%) (McCabe and Trevino, 1996). Copied material without footnoting. Table 2 shows that some kinds of cheating are more frequent than other kinds. It is also interesting to find that in most of the cases the tendency is an increase of the cheating between 1963 and Essay on The of J. Alfred, 1993. This does not necessarily mean, however, that the students were cheating more in 1993 than they did in 1963.

Another reasonable explanation is Exceptionalism that the students were more prone to admit cheating in 1993 than the students were in on The Song Prufrock 1963. These results are similar to Will American Fail findings in other studies but there are also findings suggesting cultural differences. Love Song Of J. Prufrock! Kuehn, Stanwyck, and Holland , for instance, asked students from Mexican, Arabic and US cultural backgrounds about cheating. The main focus was on three typical cheating behaviours: using crib notes, copying another student#146;s test, and allowing another student to structure copy course work. The findings suggest that there were differences between the culturally different groups of students in how they looked upon and rated cheating. Also new technique, like the World Wide Web, is used by students in order to download papers, essays, etc produced by other students but presented to Essay of J. Alfred Prufrock the examiner as own work. One illustration of this is a report from a Swedish university, where several students were found out essay structure examples, using not accepted means for Love Prufrock getting course credits among which the downloading of ready-made course works from the structure examples, web was mentioned (Lunds Universitet Meddelar, 1998). Considering the variety of methods used in cheating, as described above, it is probable that also the reasons given for cheating are many. Reasons for cheating and not doing it. The reasons or motives for cheating are not very well known but must be assumed to be complex.

In a North American study of school students cheating by Anderman, Griesinger, and on The Love Song Prufrock, Westerfield (1998) it is claimed that the schools#146; obsession with performance measures spurs cheating. It is The Effects of Deforestation Essay suggested that classrooms that emphasise high grades and test scores may drive the students to Essay on The Love Song Prufrock cheat . Similar conclusions are reported from several investigations, where the students#146; workload is found to be an important explaining factor (Lipson MacGavern, 1993). Davis et al (1992) point out that pressures for good grades in higher education, student stress, ineffective deterrents, teacher attitudes, and an increasing lack of academic integrity are important determinants of cheating. Vii! Baird (1980) previously reported similar findings. In that study 35 percent of the students stated that they had too little time for studying for the exam and 26 percent of the students said their working load made it necessary to Essay Love of J. Alfred Prufrock cheat. In a study by Singhal (1982) as much as 68 percent of the students regarded the wish to get good results as the American Fail, reason for cheating. Newstead, Franklyn-Stokes, and Armstead (1995) found that 21 percent of the cheaters say it was lack of time to study that made them cheat and 20 percent explicitly stated that their cheating was a consequence of their wish to get better grades. A third frequently occurring reason for on The Love Song of J. Alfred cheating was everybody else does it (16%), which effectively reflects students#146; attitudes towards cheating.

This reason was followed by the wish to help a friend (14%) and laziness (10%), which also says quite a lot about the risks of getting caught. It is obviously easier to help a friend cheat than to guernica represent e.g. Essay Love Song Of J. Alfred! help the friend learn to electron in photosynthesis an exam. Also Maramark and Maline (1993), when looking for Essay of J. Alfred Prufrock causes for cheating, found that stress, competition for jobs, scholarships and carriers in photosynthesis, admission to post-graduate programs were important determinants. On a general level the causes or explanations identified can be organised in two classes of factors, external, and on The Love Prufrock, individual/personal. In Table 1 below the American Exceptionalism, two super-ordinate factors and some elements/reasons mentioned in research done by Baird (1980), Davis et al (1992) and Hetherington Feldman (1964) are presented. Table 1. Presentation of Essay Song of J. Prufrock factors that might lead to cheating mentioned by Baird (1980), Davis et al. (1992) and Hetherington Feldman (1964). Importance of the test. Level of test-difficulty. Awareness of the.

performance of fellow. A certain expectation of. Overcrowded, great classes. Wish to essay examples help a friend. Aversion to teacher. At a closer examination of the reasons mentioned by these researchers it seems obvious that the strongest reasons are to be found among the personal factors and that the Love of J. Alfred Prufrock, external factors merely help to picasso's painting ease the Essay on The Love of J. Prufrock, cheating. The external factors are furthermore a welcome excuse for the students, since they appear to prefer blaming external factors for their behaviour (Baird, 1980).

Anderman et al (1998) identified two general types of study approaches, which on a general level seem to part be similar to the deep and surface approaches to studying and learning. Love Of J. Prufrock! The cheaters tend to believe that the purpose of school is to compete and show how smart you are. Also, to them, what is most important, is doing better than others and pablo represent, getting the right answer. They also worried about school and made use of on The Love Song of J. Alfred self-handicapping behaviours, blaming others and making excuses for not performing well at school, more often than their counterparts. Many of carriers in photosynthesis them believed cheating would result in less homework and Essay on The of J. Alfred Prufrock, fewer academic demands. The non-cheating group of students, in comparison, expressed interest in their learning of science concepts and tried various problem-solving methods and sought to connect ideas. In several previous studies it is suggested that the effect of an explicit and essay examples, unanimously accepted honour code will lower the frequency of cheating behaviour (McCabe Bowers, 1994). But honour code may have an effect in two opposite directions. A very common reason for Alfred some types of cheating is the wish to pablo painting guernica represent help a friend (Franklyn-Stokes and Newstead, 1995; McCabe Trevino, 1996).

To many students some behaviours are not viewed as cheating although forbidden by the university or staff. For instance, letting a fellow student borrow or copy an of J. Alfred, individual course work or a written assignment or even have a look at the answer in a test may be regarded as honest and correct behaviour. Thus, some cheating behaviours may be explained by the honour code prevalent among the students. The most frequent reasons for not cheating were, in the study made by Franklyn-Stokes and Newstead (1995) that it is immoral/dishonest and that it is useless/unimportant. In their study these were the most frequent reasons for painting represent not indulging in academic misconduct regardless of sex and age. In later studies (Newstead et al, 1995) there were, however, significant differences between the age groups: the older students gave the reason immoral more often than their younger peers did. The 160 subjects participating in the study were recruited from three different groups of students. In Table 3 below, the samples and some characteristics are presented. Table 3. Essay On The Song Prufrock! Participants in the study. The collection of data was carried out at the university during ordinary lecture time. The students were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of questions about cheating behaviours.

The questionnaire was originally developed by Franklyn -Stokes and Newstead in Exceptionalism Us? Essays the U.K. but adapted to meet the on The Love of J., needs of the Swedish-speaking environment in Finland. In their questionnaire a set of probable cheating behaviours (A-U) were presented to the student, who was asked to payment of debt tell (Yes or No) if he/she had carried out Essay on The Song of J. Prufrock, that behaviour at least once. Two additional items were included in the questionnaire totalling the number of cheating behaviours presented to 23. Part Payment Of Debt! Accompanying each question about cheating was a list of arguments (reasons) motivating or explaining the behaviour and a list of arguments giving reasons for not cheating. The subjects were asked to on The Love Song select one reason for each Yes/No response. There was also a few additional questions asking about their reason to study at the university, their judgement of pretender vii their study successfulness and about their belief about fellow students cheating. The questionnaire was distributed to the students during ordinary lecture time at the university. The respondents completed it immediately and anonymously. It took about 15 minutes to complete. The data was analysed by quantitative methods.

4. The result of the data analysis. The overall frequency of cheating. 75 % of the respondents in this study had engaged in at least one of the Essay of J. Alfred, behaviours listed in the questionnaire. However, only 63,5 % of them admit to cheating in the overall question at the end of the questionnaire, even though no less than 91,9% report that they believe their fellow students cheat. The over all tendency to cheat only correlated with year of study (Spearman#146;s rho= ,160, P=.046), reason to study (Spearman#146;s rho= ,213, p=.012) and the respondents#146; estimation of how much other students cheat (Spearman#146;s rho= ,159, p=.046). This seems to imply that the over all amount of cheating is relatively stable, but that the methods used vary depending on discipline of study, gender, age and success in studies, since there are some significant correlations for pablo painting guernica represent the individual items on the basis of these background variables. This study was not designed to study the Essay Love Song of J. Prufrock, moral development of the painting, respondents, but the results do, however, point in one certain direction as far as moral is Essay on The Song concerned. In Table 4 below, the reported tendency to cheat is cross-tabulated with respondents#146; own evaluation of their inclination to cheat. Table 4. Electron Carriers! Cross-tabulation of the variables reported tendency to cheat and own evaluation of cheating inclination. Of the ones who have reported that they never cheat 53,4 % have admitted to exercising at on The Love of J. Alfred least one of the behaviours mentioned in the questionnaire, whereas 12,9 % of the ones of the opinion that they cheat rarely have not reported cheating on Will American any of the behaviours.

A considerable amount of the students do seem to cheat, even though they do not always consider what they do as wrong, which makes it interesting to study how they do it and which behaviours are the most commonly used ones. Cheating methods used. In this section the occurrence of the different methods listed in the questionnaire are presented. Essay On The Song! Observe that the behaviours listed in the questionnaire are various behaviours that can be regarded as cheating and of debt, dishonest behaviour, but do not necessarily need to be considered as such (cf. the definition of cheating used in on The Love Song of J. Prufrock this paper). Below, in structure Table 5 the Essay Love Alfred, students#146; responses to the behaviours described in the questionnaire are presented in order of frequency. The table also includes a classification of the behaviours as social/individual, and course-/exam-/research related, as well as the British results (Frankyn-Stokes Newstead, 1995). Table 5. The cheating behaviours listed in essay structure examples order of frequency.

The percentage of on The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock yes-answers to each cheating behaviour listed in order of frequency, starting with the most frequently used. The figure to painting represent the right is the Essay on The Love Song, percentage of positive answers received for picasso's painting guernica the same item in Essay Love Prufrock the study made by Franklyn-Stokes Newstead (1995).The letters to the left represent the classification of the behaviour. The letters stand for research (R), coursework (C), exam (E), and individual (I), social (S) and altruistic (A). In Table 5 one can see that some cheating behaviours are more frequent than others are. The most frequent ones among the Finnish respondents are Copying material for course-work from a book or other publication without acknowledging the source, Paraphrasing material from another source without acknowledging the original author, Allowing own course-work to pablo guernica be copied by Essay Love Song of J. Prufrock, another student, and Copying another student's course-work with their knowledge.

These behaviours are admitted by more than 20 percent of the participating students. As mentioned earlier, these behaviours may be considered as academic misconduct. All of them may, however, be viewed as acceptable and even morally correct among the examples, students, since they do not have negative consequences for the fellow student but may be regarded as help and Essay on The Song of J., support in difficult situations. In that sense it can be assumed that there exists a conflict between staff#146;s and students#146; social and ethical value systems, creating a moral borderline area where what is right and wrong are not easily delimited. From the bottom of the list we can observe that the least admitted behaviours are Inventing data (i.e. entering non-existent results into the database)and Kept silent about a teacher's misbehaviour or misuse of his/her position in picasso's guernica represent order to get approval on a test or a higher mark. These behaviours were reported only by one respondent/ behaviour. The general nature of these behaviours seems to be different from the most frequent ones in that they are more directed to personal gratification. The behaviours also represent more active deception of Essay on The Song of J. teachers and fellow students in order to gain personal reward. It can be assumed that these behaviours are viewed as more morally disapprovable and of low peer esteem. As also can be seen above, three of the behaviours do not occur at all in electron carriers this study.

This is probably due to the limited sample and Essay Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, perhaps also (judging from cryptic comments of the respondents) to part payment of debt fear of punishment. The students#146; responses to the items in the questionnaire depicting various cheating behaviours were in most cases similar for the both sexes; that is, there are almost no differences between female and male student#146;s responses in this respect. To two items, however, there were different reactions that are related to differences in sex. Song Of J.! One of these items was Taking unauthorised material into an examination (e.g. #146;cribs#146;). The outcome is presented in Table 6 below. Table 6 Relationship between students#146; responses to item Taking unauthorised material into an examination (e.g. #146;cribs#146;) and structure examples, students#146; sex. The result in Love Song Alfred Prufrock the table indicates that there are clear differences between female and male students#146; ways of responding to the item suggesting cheating in the form of taking unauthorised material in the testing situation. Among the female students only to throne 2.6 percent admitted to the behaviour while 13.6 percent of the male students said #146;Yes#146; to having carried out the cheating. The differences are statistically significant (Fisher#146;s Exact Test, D.F.=1, p=.015). The second item where there were observed statistically significant ( c 2 =5.82, D.F.=1, p=.016) response differences related to sex was the on The, item Signing as present a not present fellow student at examples a course where obligatory attendance is asked for. This item was added to the original questionnaire.

The outcome is presented in Table 7 below. Table 7. Relationship between students#146; responses to Love Song Prufrock the item Signing as present a not present fellow student at a course where obligatory attendance is asked for and students#146; sex. As can be seen in the table more than 20 percent of the female students admitted that they had signed on of debt a fellow student at a lecture although he/she was absent. This can be compared with 4.5 percent of the male students admitting the same behaviour. Compared to the outcome in the previous table, there is a clear female dominance for this behaviour, while males more often than females answered Yes to the previous one. Another difference is that the Love Song, total proportion of Yes-responses are much larger for the item Signing as present a not present fellow student at a course, where obligatory attendance is part payment asked for when compared with students#146; Yes-responses to the item Taking unauthorised material into Essay Love Song Prufrock an examination (e.g. #146;cribs#146;) (se Table 6 above), showing the response variation between the items regarding the tendency among the students to accept or not accept a specific cheating behaviour. The social #150;individual relation. In the pablo painting, following, the frequency of certain cheating behaviours are discussed in relation to the nature (see classification in Essay of J. Table 5 above) of the behaviour.

14 of the behaviours in this study were clearly classified as individual and 5 as social. In Photosynthesis! The mean for yes-responses was 14,4 % for the social behaviours and 10,5 % for Essay on The Love Alfred the individual ones. As for situation relatedness, the five most frequently used behaviours were clearly course related. The study only contained one item concerning research related cheating (R), and essay examples, this was the on The Song of J., ninth in order of electron carriers in photosynthesis frequency (10,8 %) and had mostly been used by male respondents at the age of 21-23 successfully (16-24.99 credits/term) studying education . Exam related cheating was not among the most commonly used cheating methods, but 13,8 % of the respondents still admit using the most frequent of these behaviours. The clearly altruistic behaviours A and S were used to a greater extent by female respondents (A: 27,4 % and S: 8,8 %) than by men (A: 16,7 % and S: 2,3 %, even though the reasons given for exercising this behaviour are not clearly altruistic. Reasons for cheating. Another area of interest to us concerns the reasons and the arguments selected as explanations and sometimes also as excuses for Essay on The Song of J. Prufrock the behaviour. In Table 8 below all the reasons used to motivate cheating are listed in order of frequency. It should be remembered that the reasons available to be selected were generated by part of debt, the researchers, but that the respondents also were given the possibility to express other reasons/motives. These less frequent reasons are also listed in Table 8.

Regarding reasons given for not cheating the most frequent one (27.5 %) is the choice stating that cheating is immoral or dishonest. The reasons following in frequency of appearance represent on on The Song of J. Prufrock a general level a completely different class of attitudes, since it may mean that the subject do not distance him/herself from cheating, only that it was not considered or regarded as useful (I never thought of it, 21.3 % and Situation did not arise, 19.5 %). In the part of debt, lower frequency range two reasons mirroring fear of Essay on The Love of J. Alfred detection and getting caught are found; Shame/embarrassment at being caught (1.3 %) and Fear of detection/punishment (1.4 %). In a way these reasons like the two previous ones are focusing the social condemnation for cheating and dishonest behaviour and are not clearly a statement against cheating. When looking at students#146; ways of choosing reasons for cheating or for not cheating there seems to exist a strong connection with the cheating behaviour that is in essay structure examples focus. This means that the choice of on The Song Alfred reason is to a large extent dependent on the particular behaviour that have been admitted to or not admitted to.

This topic will be discussed no further in this paper. In most cases, however, there are no obvious differences between female and male students#146; ways of selecting their reasons for their responses. Depending on Will Exceptionalism Fail what cheating behaviour is to be decided on, female and male students mostly make similar choices of arguments for their behaviour. Essay On The Song Of J. Alfred! In two cases, however, there exist statistical significant differences between the two sexes in ways of explaining the behaviour. The reasons chosen as an explanation or an argument for or against the behaviour Taking unauthorised material into an examination (e.g. 'cribs') are different between female and male students. In the table below the outcome is presented.

Table 10. Reasons for or against the cheating behaviour Taking unauthorised material into The Effects an examination (e.g. 'cribs')among female and Essay on The Love Prufrock, male students. The outcome points to statistical significant differences (Phi and Cram?r#146;s V =.404, p=.048) between the female and Will Exceptionalism Fail, male ways of selecting the reason for their behaviour regarding Taking unauthorised material into an examination (e.g. 'cribs'). First of all 7.1 percent of the boys have selected Fear of failure as a reason for Love Song of J. Prufrock this cheating behaviour while no girl have selected that reason. Also It would be unfair to other students were chosen by 4.8 male students but not one female student. Among the female students reasons like To increase the mark, Laziness, I would not know how to picasso's painting guernica go about it and Essay Love Song Prufrock, Situation did not arise/not applicable to my course were chosen by part payment, a few female students but no male student. Of J. Alfred Prufrock! A relatively large difference between female and male ways of Will Exceptionalism Fail choosing among the reasons for explaining the Yes/No-answer can be found for Love of J. reason I never thought about it, where 20.5 percent of the female students selected that reason while it attracted only 14.3 percent of the male students. Vii! Also It would devalue my achievement was chosen by a larger proportion female students (8.0 %) than male students (2.4 %). The second statistical significant difference (Phi and Cram?r#146;s V=.348, p=.028) concerns the reasons chosen for item Taking an Alfred Prufrock, examination for someone else or having someone else take an examination for you. The outcome is to throne of henry presented in Table 11 below. Table 11.

Reasons for or against on The of J. the cheating behaviour Taking an examination for someone else or having someone else take an Will Exceptionalism, examination for you. among female and male students. In one case the male students have chosen a reason (Shame/embarrassment at Essay on The Love Song of J. Alfred being caught) that is not chosen by any female student. Large difference on the basis of sex are found for the reason Situation did not arise/not applicable to Exceptionalism Us? Essays my course, where more than 16 percent more boys have chosen that reasons for their behaviour. Two female students selected one reason that the male students did not choose, namely Fear of detection/punishment. Largest difference (18.7 percent) to the male students are found for reason I never thought of it, which was chosen by 33.0 percent of the female students but only 14.3 percent of the male students. Various methodological problems that have been discussed elsewhere (see Bj?rklund, 1997), are not mentioned here, since they do not seem to Essay on The Song of J. Alfred affect the reliability and validity of the results discussed. There is, however, one point of importance as far as methodological bias is concerned and that is the fact that the instrument in this study was translated from English and a British context, which in some cases have called for adjustment and in one case yielded an erroneous translation (item L). The frequency of The Effects of Deforestation Essay individual cheating behaviours in comparison to the British results. The over all frequency of cheating reported in this study does not differ significantly from the ones reported by previous researchers, and can, hence, be taken as a further proof of the fact that the over all cheating rates seem to be fairly constant in the western word. On The Prufrock! What is more interesting is the variation in frequency on individual behaviours.

The most outstanding feature when comparing the frequencies reported by the Finnish respondents with the ones reported by the British, is that in most cases the British respondents have reported remarkably higher degree of cheating. The greatest variation is to be found in items I (peer assessment), L (inventing data) , R (altering data) and A (allow copying of coursework). Payment! The great difference concerning peer assessment is probably due to differences in the academic traditions: Peer assessment is not very common in the Swedish #150;speaking university level studies in Finland. Love Prufrock! Item L does not represent a real difference, since the item was erroneously translated into Swedish and , thus, measures something else. Research related cheating seem to of Deforestation be much more common in Britain, but the result might in this case be biased for Essay on The Love Song of J. faculty, since the Will American Exceptionalism Fail Us? Essays, studies were not conducted at the same kinds of institutions. Item A, concerning course work, is the top one of many items concerning coursework that exhibit considerable higher frequencies for the British respondents, which is probably due to the same kind/s of Alfred Prufrock cultural differences as mentioned regarding item I. Only on item K (advance information about exam) was the Will Fail, result of the Finnish respondents higher than the result of the British. On The Song Alfred Prufrock! The items concerning examrelated behaviours generally exhibit the pretender, smallest differences between the groups, which seems to indicate that exam conditions are more or less alike between the two countries. It is also possible to claim that the results indicate that Finnish students seem to Essay on The Love Song of J. Prufrock find examrelated cheating less serious than British, who , in turn, do not seem to regard research related cheating as particularly serious. In the Finnish results the social behaviours seem to be slightly more common, whereas the individual behaviours get a higher mean score in the British results (social 24 %, individual 20,8 %). This can be seen claimed to indicate that the British academic environment is more competitive than the Finnish, but it ought to be remembered that the mean score used here is Will a very crude measure.

Reasons for cheating in on The Song Alfred comparison to the British results. The most frequent reasons for cheating mentioned by the Finnish students were time pressure, laziness and the wish to help a friend. Electron Carriers In Photosynthesis! The wish to help a friend and time pressure are also two of the three most frequent reasons mentioned by the British students, but they have mentioned the wish to increase the mark as the most frequent reason for cheating. Concerning this reason the Essay Song Alfred, difference between the two samples is remarkable (Finnish students 9,3 % and British students 33,3 %). Finns on the other hand contribute their cheating to laziness and extenuating circumstances considerably more often than their British peers, who, in turn, seem to fear failure more and also tend to justify their behaviour with the reason everybody does it. Out of these differences it is easy to pretender to throne of henry create caricature image of the cheating British student as an ambitious person , who wishes to Essay on The Song Alfred Prufrock perform well and of the Finnish student who mainly cheats because it seems to be the easiest way to go about the Us? Essays, studies. Considering the reasons for Love Song Prufrock not cheating the The Effects of Deforestation, British students seem to Essay on The have two main reasons, which are used considerably more often than the other ones available; That it would have been pointless/unnecessary and essay examples, that it would have been immoral/dishonest. The immorality aspect is mentioned as the most frequently used among the on The of J. Alfred, Finnish students, but the second most frequently used is essay examples that the student never thought of it, closely followed by the reason that the situation didn#146;t arise or wasn#146;t applicable. Again, then , the on The Song Alfred Prufrock, British students seem to be more focused on the outcome/the result of the cheating behaviour than the Finnish ones.

Even though morality is one of the most frequently used reasons for not cheating in both of the groups, the potential cheater-reasons, i.e. the ones giving I never thought of carriers it, the situation didn#146;t arise and/or it was unnecessary/pointless, amount to Essay on The Prufrock about 50 % in both of the groups. In connection to the fact that the reasons shame /embarrassment at The Effects of Deforestation Essay being caught (1,3 % of Finnish answers, 0 % of British ones) and fear of detection/punishment (1,9 % of Finnish answers and 5,8 % of Love Prufrock British ones) were used quite infrequently, this implicates that it is of the utmost importance to reduce the opportunities of successful cheating, e.g. by creating individual exams and other assessment tasks that demand creativity and originality, not just reproduction. The fact that embarrassment is such an infrequent reason also implicates that nether British or Finnish students feel responsible for the code of honour of their academic institutions. Hence, by establishing a functioning code of honour one could most likely reduce the instances of cheating remarkably, since the socio-moral climate is known to pretender to throne of henry affect the Love, behaviour of students more effectively than their own level of moral development (MacCabe Trevino, 1996). The reduction of opportunities for successful cheating is, of course, the most immediate way of reducing cheating, but in the long run that measure will not suffice. According to the findings in this study and other ones (cf. Will American! Davis et al, 1992) , there is a gap between the notions of morality and correctness as withheld by society and university staff and the notions of these phenomena withheld by the students. It is Essay on The Song of J. Alfred Prufrock therefore necessary to spell out electron carriers, which the common rules are and also control that they are followed.

To go even further it is Love Song of J. also important to stress the importance of moral education for moral development in essay structure examples order to secure a functioning society, presuming that that is what is what is wanted. Variations in cheating behaviour on the basis of the back ground variables. Contrary to previous research very few of the Love Song of J. Prufrock, background variables seem to affect the tendency to cheat to a significant extent. This was, however, also the case for Haines et al (1986, in picasso's painting Davis et al, 1992). They came to the conclusion that it was because of the unproportionality concerning sex and Essay Love Song of J. Prufrock, year of study in the sample, which also seems to be the case in this study. Electron Carriers! Except the gender differences on some items, mentioned in the results, there were, however, also weak, but statistically significant positive correlations between the overall tendency to cheat and year of study, the perception of how much other students cheat and reason for on The of J. Prufrock studying. This result implies that academic misconduct, at least to some extent, may be epidemic and that students#146; reasons for not cheating are gradually worn down when they see fellow students cheat, without being caught. The reason for studying is also of considerable importance, when discussing cheating rates. An obvious way of reducing cheating in our faculties would be to ensure that only intrinsically motivated students are accepted. The question is then: How do we control for that, and do we really want to; It is all linked to the kind of professionals we want to educate. Summary of essay structure implications.

Academic staff can no longer presuppose that students know and behave according to unwritten moral rules or an inner code of honour. One, obvious way of reducing cheating in Essay Love Prufrock universities is then to spell out what rules and codes the students are subjected to. Such a document ought, however, to be carefully thought out and produced in co-operation with the students, in order to examples establish it as a code of honor2, otherwise it will only fill the purpose of a list of Song Alfred potentially successful cheating behaviours. According to previous research, students#146; moral behaviour and ethical reasoning seems to develop under continuous education. I am convinced that this influence can be made stronger through focused attention to pretender to throne of henry the area and an open ethical dialogue, not in of J. Prufrock any specific course, but as every teacher#146;s concern. This would create a good socio-moral environment for moral development, which is what universities ought to foster in their students, since that is something they will need in their everyday life as well as in their professional activities, and of which society will benefit or suffer in the long run. Even though the personal factors causing or preventing cheating are probably the electron in photosynthesis, primary ones, it is also a good idea to Essay Love Alfred try to reduce or eliminate the external factors that seem to cause cheating. One of the major external reasons for of debt cheating was time pressure.

That ought to be quite easily remedied through courses/ supervision in studying technique and Essay Love Song Prufrock, discipline, as well as a better co-ordination of courses and pretender to throne of henry vii, exams between university staff. Essay Song Of J. Prufrock! It is also up to the staff to really check that the rules they give are followed. Such a behaviour signals that the rules are judged as important and might awaken conscience in the students, or at Will American Fail least make the cheating alternative less attractive and easy to carry out. In this case it is, in fact, most important to catch the small fish. Davis and Ludvigson in turn present a twofold way of reducing cheating in Essay Song Prufrock the long run, namely by a) using positive reinforcement and b) by encouraging and fostering the students to acquire an outlook on Will Exceptionalism Us? Essays life that will prevent them from cheating. The results of this study are particularly serious from a societal point of view, since it involved future teachers, theologian and on The Love Song Alfred Prufrock, economists. What kind of teachers does the Essay, society of today want? Is it possible for Essay Love Song of J. Prufrock a teacher who does not regard cheating as wrong to teach pupils high ethical and moral standards? Or should the comprehensive school only strive to teach knowledge and skills? The compulsory schoolteachers are of strategic importance, since they are the ones who ought to Essay start the process of moral development, if academic freedom is to Essay on The Song Alfred Prufrock be a reality in the future. Lax morality among economists and teologians is, however, no less serious than among teachers.

If those particular groups in society are not to be trusted, then who? In the essay structure, long run that will produce an even greater disbelief in authorities, eventually resulting in community breakdown. In order to Alfred be able to deal with the problem in an efficient manner it is necessary to reach the causative factors, which probably are best reached with a flexible and qualitative approach. To understand delicate and inaccessible phenomena like the one at hand it is in photosynthesis important to benefit from as many sources of knowledge as possible; an interdisciplinary approach would probably be most adequate. It is also important to realise the problem with truthfulness. Essay Love! In this study it was generally found that the students tended to answer the questionnaire with less anxiety, when it was stressed that the researcher was a fellow student and not a member of the university staff. Anderman, E, Griesinger, T, Westinger, G. American! (1998). Motivation and cheating during early adolescence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90 , 1, 84-93.

Ashworth, P. Bannister, P. (1997). Guilty in whose eyes? University students#146; perceptions of Essay on The Love of J. Alfred cheating and plagiarism in academic work and assessment. Studies in Higher Education, 22 , 2, 187-204. Baird, J.S. Jr. (1980). Current trends in in photosynthesis college cheating. Psychology in the Schools , 17 , s. 515-522. Baldwin., DeWitt C., et al. (1996). Cheating in Medical School: A Survey of Essay Love Song of J. Prufrock Second-Year Students at 31 Schools.

Academic Medicine; 71 , 3, p267-73. Bj?rklund, M. (1997). Akademiskt fusk #150; F?rekomst, metoder och orsaker. En enk?tunders?kning bland studerande vid Svenska handelsh?gskolan i Vasa, samt pedagogiska och teologiska fakulteterna vid ?bo Akademi. Unpublished master#146;s thesis. ?bo Akademi University, Vasa. Davis, S.F., Grover, C.A., Becker, A.H. McGregor, L.N. (1992). Academic dishonesty: prevalence, determinants, techniques, and examples, punishments. Essay Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock! Teaching of Psychology , 19 , 1, s. 16-20. Davis, S.F.

Ludvigson, H.W. (1995). Additional data on academic dishonesty and a proposal for remediation. Teaching of Psychology, 22 , 2, s. 119-121. Franklyn-Stokes, A. Newstead, S.E. (1995). Undergraduate cheating: who does what and structure examples, why?. Studies in Essay on The Song Alfred Prufrock Higher Education, 20 , 2, s. 159-172. Graham, Melody A., et al. (1994). Cheating at small colleges: An examination of student development. Journal of College Student Developments, 35 , 4, 255-260. Grahnstr?m, T. (1996). Sv?rt f? uppr?ttelse f?r fuskanklagad.

Vertex, 5 . Hetherington, E.M. Feldman, S.E. Electron In Photosynthesis! (1964). College cheating as a function of subject and situational variables. Love Prufrock! Journal of Educational Psychology , 55 , 4, s. 212-218. Jendreck, Margareta, Platt. To Throne! (1992).

Students#146; reactions to academic dishonesty. Journal of Essay on The Love Prufrock College Student Development, 33 , 3, 260-273. Kuehn, P., Stanwyck, D. J., Holland, C. L. (1990). Attitudes toward cheating behaviours in the ESL classroom. TESOL (Teacher of English to Speakers of electron carriers in photosynthesis Other Languages) Quarterly, 24 (2), 313-317. Lipson, Alberta and McGavern, Norma. (1993). Undergraduate academic dishonesty at MIT. Results from a study of attitudes and behaviour of undergraduates, faculty, and graduate teaching assistants. Lord, T., Chiodo, ?D. (1995). A Look at Student Cheating in College Science Classes. Journal of Science Education and Technology; 4 , 4, 317-24.

Lunds Universitet Meddelar, ?rg 31, nr 7, 1998. Lunds universitet. Maramark, Sheila Maline, Mindi, barth. (1993) Academic dishonesty among college students. Issues in education. Office of Educational research and Imporvemnet (ED), Washington, DC. McCabe, Donald, L. On The Love Song Alfred! (1993).

Faculty resposnes to academic dishonesty: The influence of student honour codes . Will American Exceptionalism! Research in Higher Education, 34 , 5, 647-658. McCabe, Donald, L., Bowers, William, J. On The! (1994). Part Payment! Academic dishonesty among males in college: A thirty year perspective . Essay Love Song! Journal of College Student Development, 35 , 1, 5-10. McCabe, D.L. Trevino Klebe, L. (1996).

What we know about cheating in college. Change, 28 , 1, s. 28-33. Miller, C.M. Parlett, M. Pretender Of Henry! (1974). On The Alfred Prufrock! Up to electron carriers the Mark, a study of the Essay on The Love Alfred, examination game. Society for Research into part payment of debt Higher Education. Murray, B. Essay Song Prufrock! (1996). Are professors turning a blind eye to electron carriers in photosynthesis cheating?

Schools facing a plague of on The Love Song cheating. Beware the #145;A#146; student: Overachievers can be cheaters. The APA MONITOR , 27 , 1, s. 1, 42. Newstead, S.E., Franklyn-Stokes, A. Armstead, P. (1995, in press) Individual differences in student cheating. Journal of Educational Psychology . Singhal, A.C. (1982). Factors in Essay students#146; dishonesty . Psychological Reports, 51 , s. 775-780.

A) Allowing own course-work to be copied by another student. B) Taking unauthorised material into an examination (e.g. 'cribs') B)Fabricating references or a bibliography. D) Lying about medical or other circumstances to get special consideration by on The Alfred Prufrock, examiner. E) Copying another student's course-work with their knowledge. F) Lying about medical or other circumstances to get an extended deadline or exemption from essay structure a piece of work. G) Submitting course-work from an outside source. H) Taking an on The Prufrock, examination for someone else or having someone else take an examination for you. I)In a situation where students mark each other's work, coming to an agreement with another student or students to mark each other's work more generously than it merits J) Copying another student's course-work without their knowledge. K) Illicitly gaining advance information about the contents of an examination paper.

L) Inventing data (i.e. Payment! entering nonexistent results into the database) M) Ensuring the availability of books or journal articles in the library by deliberately mis-shelving them so that other students cannot find them, or by cutting out the relevant article or chapter. N) Paraphrasing material from another source without acknowledging the original author. O) Copying material for course-work from a book or other publication without acknowledging the source. P) Premeditated collusion between 2 or more students to on The of J. Alfred Prufrock communicate answers to each other during an examination. Q) Copying from American a neighbor during an Song, exami-nation without them realizing. R) Altering data (e.g. adjusting data to obtain a significant result) S) Doing another student's course-work for them. T) Submitting a piece of course-work as an individual piece of work when it has actually been written jointly with another student.

U) Attempting to obtain special consideration by offering or receiving favors, for example, bribery, seduction, corruption. V) Signing as present a not present fellow student at a course where obligatory attendance is asked for. W) Kept silent about a teacher's misbehavior or misuse of his/her position in order to pretender of henry vii get approval on a test or a higher mark. This document was added to the Education-line database on 21 March 2000.